2013年08月30日

中国の環境汚染はひどいが、本当に解決できるのか?中国だけでなく世界が困る。

明日は朝7時の飛行機で台湾に行くので、明日の分を今日アップしておく。これはエコノミストだ。

Climate change
Can China clean up fast enough?
The world’s biggest polluter is going green, but it needs to speed up the transition
Aug 10th 2013 |From the print edition

十分な速度で
推移

http://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21583277-worlds-biggest-polluter-going-green-it-needs-speed-up-transition-can-china?fsrc=nlw%7Chig%7C8-8-2013%7C6338624%7C37877959%7C 

19世紀のイギリスのように中国はきれいな空気よりも経済成長を優先して来た。2013年1月に世界保健機関によると北京は基準値よりも50倍汚れていて、都市の水道水の半分は飲み水どころか手を洗うことも出来ない。この国の北半分では5年半の寿命が短い。こうした環境に対して抗議運動があるが、それは取り締まっている一方で、香港と同じGDPの金額、国防費の2倍の金額を環境浄化にあてがって来ている。太陽光発電とか風力発電に国家は力を入れて来ているが、企業は利益を上げる為に環境を依然として犠牲にして来ている。中国は世界のCO2の排出量の30%だ。このままでは何らかの対策を打たないと、中国国民だけでなくて、世界の人々がその環境汚染の影響を受けることにになる。


“HELL is a city much like London—a populous and a smoky city,” wrote Percy Bysshe Shelley in 1819. It is a description that would suit many Chinese cities today for, like Britain in the early 19th century, China is going through an industrial-powered growth spurt. Like Britain back then, the urge to get rich outweighs the desire for clean air, so the Chinese are chucking all manner of filth into the atmosphere. And, rather sooner than Britain did, China is beginning to clean up its act.

ひどいところだ。
ふさわしい 

ほどばしり

まさる

大気の中にあらゆる種類のゴミ/汚染

投げ捨てる

イギリスよりも意外と早く
その行動をきれいにし始め 


If China were simply following the path of rich countries from poverty through pollution to fresh air, there would be little to worry about (unless you lived in one of those hellish cities). But the parallels fall apart, for two reasons. One is time. When Britain’s industrial engine was gaining speed, levels of CO2 in the atmosphere were the same as they had been for millennia. Now they are half as high again, and not far off 450 parts per million, which most scientists think is the danger level. The other is place. China is so vast and its economy is growing so rapidly that its effect on the world is far greater than that of any other single country.

類似点は崩れる
数千年間
現在彼らはその1.5倍の濃度だ。
百万分の450からそれほど離れていない

Dragon breath
The muck that spews from Chinese factories most immediately affects those unlucky enough to live nearby. In January 2013 the air of Beijing hit a level of toxicity 40 times above what the World Health Organisation deems safe. A tenth of the country’s farmland is poisoned with chemicals and heavy metals. Half of China’s urban water supplies are unfit even to wash in, let alone drink. In the northern half of the country air pollution lops five-and-a-half years off the average life.

臭い息
汚れ
吐き出す
最優先で、
毒性
安全と見なす
農地の10分の一は化学物質と重金属で汚染されている
都市の水道の半分は飲むことは言うまでもなく、洗うことさえ適していない
この国の北半分では平均寿命を5年半縮めている

All this has led to an explosion of protest across China, including among a middle class that has discovered nimbyism. That worries the government, which fears that environmental activism could become the foundation for more general political opposition. It is therefore dealing with pollution in two ways—suppression and mitigation. It has jailed environmental activists and is planning to limit the power of judicial oversight by handing a state-approved body a monopoly over bringing environmental lawsuits. At the same time, it is pouring money into cleaning up the country. It has just said that China will spend $275 billion over the next five years improving air quality—roughly the same as the GDP of Hong Kong, and twice the size of the annual defence budget. Even by Chinese standards it is a massive sum.

反対運動の激増
ニンビー主義、地域住民エゴ◆自宅周辺への迷惑施設の建設に反対し貧困層や社会的弱者の住む地域への建設には眼をつぶる地域エゴに徹した考え方
現状改革主義
抑圧
緩和
独占
監視
極めて多い

The pace at which it deals with local pollution is a matter for China itself. But the country’s emissions are of wider interest because they also pollute the atmosphere, which is a global resource. The scale and speed of China’s development—it consumes 40-45% of the world’s coal, copper, steel, nickel, aluminium and zinc—means it is doing so fast. Since 1990 the amount of CO2 pouring from Chinese smokestacks has risen from 2 billion tonnes a year to 9 billion—almost 30% of the global total. China produces nearly twice as much CO2 as America. It is no longer merely catching up with the West. The average Chinese person produces the same amount of CO2 as the average European. Even if you reduce that number by a quarter to take account of the emissions produced by China’s exports, it is still huge.

大煙突
CO2h世界の30%を排出。アメリカの2倍。
中国の輸出品によって作り出される排出物を考慮してその数を4分の一に減らしたとしても

Size has a silver lining
China’s government is trying to make a dent in these alarming figures. It is cutting the amount of energy that large companies use to produce each unit of output, and it has created impressive new solar and wind-power industries. But the targets and executive orders it uses to try to reduce its emissions are not very effective. They tend to get negotiated away in local deals between officials and the managers of big state firms who have been given greater incentives to meet their economic targets, create jobs, raise output and suchlike. And, as the economy slows, there is increasing pressure on the government to lower environmental targets and loosen controls. Even in an autocracy, leaders feel the need to respond to pressure from mid-level officials.

規模は良い面もある
取りかかろうとしている
優れた
行政命令
などなど
排出物は役人と大企業の経営者達との間の現地の交渉において放棄される傾向にある
独裁政治

If China cannot cut its CO2 emissions substantially, then either other countries will have to reduce theirs by more than they are doing now—which seems unlikely—or the world will need to find other ways to cope. That means exploring the possibilities of geoengineering the atmosphere or investing in ways of adapting to higher temperatures, such as drought-tolerant crops.

実質上
地球工学
干ばつに強い農作物

But getting China to cut back further is not a lost cause. The place is vulnerable to climate change: in absolute terms, more people live at sea level in China, and so are threatened by rising oceans, than in any other country. The leadership therefore knows it needs to come up with a more effective means of changing behaviour. The obvious way is through a carbon tax, which would be more transparent and less subject to negotiation than targets. The government has promised to introduce one, and should get on with it.

更に中国に削減させることは見込みのない試みではない
この地域は気象変動の被害を受けやすい
絶対的には
より効果的な手段を考えつく必要がある
目標設定するよりも交渉する際に影響を受けない
それをどんどん進めて行くべきだ。

China is more likely to move if it sees movement elsewhere. Although attempts to reach a global deal on emissions have failed, Western countries need to continue to lead by example. In addition, America and China have made progress through bilateral negotiations. They recently agreed to cut hydrofluorocarbons (an especially potent greenhouse gas), develop carbon capture and storage and reduce emissions from heavy vehicles—a good start. It is worth rich countries’ while to fork out to support emissions-cutting measures in China, because a dollar spent reducing Chinese emissions goes further than a dollar spent at home.

する可能性が高い
運動/傾向
ハイドロ[ヒドロ]フルオロカーボン◆【略】HFC
強力な
二酸化炭素の回収と貯留◆発電所や工場などから排出される二酸化炭素を排出源で抽出・回収し、地層の中に貯留(しようと)すること。2005年にIPCC(気候変動に関する政府間パネル)が、同タイトルの報告書で発表した。
大型車両
フォークで書き出す
よりも効果が大きい

For the rest of the world, there is an upside as well as a downside to China’s vastness: it cannot shirk its responsibilities. National policy in China, unlike that anywhere else except America, makes a global difference. If China continues to pour emissions into the atmosphere, its own people are likely to suffer along with everybody else. If, on the other hand, it wants to do something about warming, it will have to cut its own emissions—and everybody will benefit.

広大さに対して良い面
責任を逃れることはできない
グローバルな効果がある。

今日はこれまで。今日は昼食以外はデスクワークをしたが、3時半に自宅に戻り、明日の準備と来週の研修会の資料を探した。明日は7時発の飛行機なので、明日の分を今日アップすることにした。ではまた明日。 

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海野 恵一
1948年1月14日生

学歴:東京大学経済学部卒業

スウィングバイ株式会社
代表取締役社長

アクセンチュア株式会社代表取締役(2001-2002)
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