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Reform in China
The party's new blueprint

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Nov 16th 2013, 14:33 by J.M. | BEIJING




IN CHINA¡ÇS state-controlled media it is being called a new blueprint for reform, a reform manifesto, even ¡Èreform 2.0¡É. Such descriptions may be a little overblown, but the Communist Party has indeed produced its most wide-ranging and reform-tinged proposals for economic and social change in many years. The ¡ÈDecision on Major Issues Concerning Comprehensively Deepening Reforms¡É, as the document made public on November 15th is called, is likely to prompt a surge of experimentation in everything from trading rural land to the freeing of controls on interest rates. Barriers to migration will be further broken down and the one-child policy relaxed. A widely resented system of extra-judicial detention, known as laojiao (re-education through labour), will be scrapped.

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The party is so enthused by the document that it broke with normal practice and published it just three days after it had been approved at a closed-door plenum in Beijing of its 370-strong Central Committee. It is normally a week or longer before the full contents of plenum resolutions are released (the public, in the meantime, having to make do with a much briefer and vaguer communique). The purpose of this hiatus is to ensure that the party¡Çs more than 80m members have a chance to digest the document first. In this case leaders probably reckoned that speculation about the resolution¡Çs contents was so high that it would seem odd to say nothing for so long. (The meeting was the third plenum in the party¡Çs five-year cycle of such conclaves, and since the late 1970s third plenums have often been big agenda-setting occasions.) Some analysts had started wondering whether the paucity of reform proposals in the initial communique meant that President Xi Jinping had got cold feet. 

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To judge from a deluge of reformist talk in the media since the full resolution was published, the party¡Çs propaganda apparatus appears eager to quash such speculation. In the past, speeches given by leaders at plenums have not been released. This time, however, Mr Xi¡Çs remarks to the gathering about the importance of the resolution were made public along with the document itself. As Beijing Youth News reports, equivalent speeches at previous third-plenums dealing with reform had been given by lower-ranking leaders. Mr Xi is clearly signalling that he is taking personal charge of the reform process. (In his speech, he said that he had led the team responsible for drafting the resolution, a task that began seven months ago.) This gives the document added importance. It is likely he will take charge of a new ¡Èleading small group¡É responsible for coordinating reforms (there are rumours that the party chief of Shanghai, Han Zheng, might be redeployed to Beijing to help him). 


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Cities developed from settlements where hunter-gathers realised they could get the animals to follow them if they could provide food and water. Therefore, the first cities formed where there was smart, sustainable use of water and natural resources, with the first city app being a well and the second a stockade. With apologies to Abraham Maslow's theory of motivation, cities developed in sophistication, starting with natural resources and moving away from that baseline through trade, war, power, education, religion and culture. Having dealt in some 400 words with 5,000 years of human history, where are we with cities and, in particular, the misnomer "smart" cities? Cities have always had to be smart to survive, and those that were not smart disappeared; ask Ozymandias. The point is that smart cities did not begin in 2007 with IBM, as it will be the first to admit, but have been part of the human landscape for as long as there have been human communities. The "smart" part of the equation is their ability to evolve and exploit what their age has to offer. A smart city is a developing organism that takes advantage of the best contemporary technology available.

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ÅԻԤϳ«ÂóÃϤ«¤é¿ÊŸ¤·¤¿¤¬¡¢¤½¤³¤Ç¼íÎĺν¸¼Ô¤¬¿©ÎÁ¤È¿å¤òÆÀ¤ë¤³¤È¤¬¤Ç¤­¤ë¤Î¤Ç¤¢¤ì¤Ð³Íʪ¤òÄɤ¦¤³¤È¤¬¤Ç¤­¤ë¤³¤È¤¬¤ï¤«¤Ã¤¿¤Î¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£¤½¤ì¤æ¤¨¡¢ºÇ½é¤ÎÅԻԤϿå¤äÅ·Á³»ñ¸»¤¬ÁÇÁ᤯»ý³²Äǽ¤ËÍøÍѽÐÍè¤ë¤È¤³¤í¤Ëºî¤é¤ì¡¢¤Þ¤ºÅԻԤκǽé¤Îµ»½Ñ¤Ï°æ¸Í¤Ç¡¢¼¡¤ËËɸæºô¤Ç¤¢¤Ã¤¿¡£¥Þ¥º¥í¡¼¤ÎÆ°µ¡ÉÕ¤±ÍýÏÀ¤Ë¤Ï¿½¤·Ìõ¤Ê¤¤¤¬¡¢ÅԻԤϹâÅÙ¤ËÊ£»¨¤Ë³«È¯¤µ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤Æ¡¢Å·Á³»ñ¸»¤ÎºÎ¼è¤«¤é»Ï¤Þ¤Ã¤Æ¡¢Ëǰס¢ÀïÁè¡¢¸¢ÎÏ¡¢¶µ°é¡¢½¡¶µ¡¢Ê¸²½¤òÄ̤¸¤ÆÂ礭¤¯ÊѤï¤Ã¤ÆÍè¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤Î¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£ ¿ÍÎà¤Î5Àéǯ¤ÎÎò»Ë¤ò¤ï¤º¤«400¤Îñ¸ì¤Ç¸ì¤í¤¦¤È¤¹¤ë¤ÈÅÔ»Ô¡¢Æä˴ְã¤Ã¤¿Ì¾¾Î¤Î¤Ç¸Æ¤Ð¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡Ö¥¹¥Þ¡¼¥È¤Ê¡×ÅԻԤϤɤ³¤Ë½ñ¤¯¤³¤È¤Ë¤Ê¤ë¤Î¤«¡©ÅÔ»Ô¤ÏÀ¸¤­»Ä¤Ã¤Æ¤¤¤¯¤¿¤á¤Ë¾ï¤Ë¥¹¥Þ¡¼¥È¤Ç¤Ê¤±¤ì¤Ð¤Ê¤é¤º¡¢¥¹¥Þ¡¼¥È¤Ç¤Ê¤¤ÅԻԤϾ䨵î¤Ã¤Æ¤­¤¿¤Î¤Ç¤¢¤ë¤ÈOzymandias¤Ï¸À¤Ã¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡£ Íפ¹¤ë¤Ë¥¹¥Þ¡¼¥È¥·¥Æ¥£¤¬IBM¤Ë¤è¤Ã¤Æ̿̾¤µ¤ì¤¿¤³¤È¤Ï¿¿¤ÃÀè¤Ëǧ¤á¤ë¤¬¡¢¤½¤ì¤Ï2007ǯ¤ËIBM¤Ë¤è¤Ã¤Æ¤¤é¤ì¤¿¤â¤Î¤Ç¤Ï¤Ê¤¯¡¢¿ÍÎà¤Î½¸Í¸ºß¤·¤¿¤Î¤ÈƱ¤¸¤¯¤é¤¤Á°¤«¤é¿Í´Ö¤Î½»¤ó¤ÇÍ褿·Ê´Ñ¤Î°ìÉô¤Ç¤¢¤Ã¤¿¡£ÅԻԤνôÍ×ÁǤΡ֥¹¥Þ¡¼¥È¤Ê¡×Éôʬ¤ÏÅԻԤ΍¤´Ö¤ÎǯÎؤ¬Ä󶡤·¤Ê¤±¤ì¤Ð¤Ê¤é¤Ê¤¤¤â¤Î¤òȯŸ¤µ¤»¡¢³«Â󤹤ëǽÎϤʤΤǤ¢¤ë¡£¥¹¥Þ¡¼¥È¥·¥Æ¥£¤Ï¸½Âå¤ÎÍøÍѲÄǽ¤Ç¤¢¤ë¥Ù¥¹¥È¤Îµ»½Ñ¤ò¾å¼ê¤¯ÍøÍѤ¹¤ëÀ®Ä¹¤¹¤ëÍ­µ¡ÂΤʤΤǤ¢¤ë¡£

This was brought home to me at a recent Smart City Africa event where the talk was not of "Jetson" like 3D printing of prescription drugs in your home but of keeping power on 24 hours a day or the issue of Johannesburg running out of water within seven years. Equally, the market can be further expanded into a minimum of four groups. There are greenfield sites in countries that have a command-and-control ability to mandate land use such as China, Saudi Arabia, South Korea and Russia. There are also groups of economic association that commonly have a lead city and an associated group of communities through shared culture or economic hegemony such as Bilbao and the Basque region. Then there is the retrofitting of mature cities in the developed world and special economic zones that have smart technology as an integral part of the master planning.

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Once we decouple the "smart" in smart cities from the IT industry, we enter a world of "intelligent cities", "digital cities", "connected cities" and more. Those grappling with smart-city solutions include the telecoms, financial services, utilities, construction, health-care, education, government, public safety and national security, and environment sectors. It is therefore no surprise that different industries approach the subject from their comfort zones. IT companies define a smart city through a technology lens; developers concentrate on physical infrastructure; utilities insist it is about sustainable energy; and the green lobby champions the environment. Smart cities are all of the above.

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Smart cities have passed the inflection point from visioning to implementation, but there are still three major challenges. The first is an identifiable client; the second is the smart policies needed to drive smart delivery; and the third is that the vendor community needs to work more closely together to develop the market by agreeing a scalable, open, interoperable platform on which city solutions can work.

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Winner announcement
December 13, 2013
Ludwig Siegele

Apart from a difference in style, I don't think the debaters were that far apart. Both, for instance, agree that digital technology will make cities smarter; both think that this is a good thing; and both do not want this to be imposed by big vendors. So it is no surprise that the vote is close. Congratulations to Irving Wladawsky-Berger. But also congratulations to Anthony Townsend for putting up a good fight. Many thanks to both of them, as well as Messrs Greenfield and Dignan and our commenters, for making this debate such a lively and informative affair.

lively¡§³èȯ¤Ê
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swingby_blog at 06:58¨¢¥³¥á¥ó¥È(0)¨¢¥È¥é¥Ã¥¯¥Ð¥Ã¥¯(0) 

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Irving Wladawsky-Berger ¡ÊÈ¿ÏÀ¦¡Ë¤«¤é¤ÎÊIJñ¤Î°Õ¸«¤Î³¤­
A number of the comments to our debate have wisely pointed out that we have much to learn. I like John D. Macomber's suggestion that we should use tried-and-true Strategy 101 type templates like market segmentation and value creation, and ask ourselves basic questions like "Who are we? Where are we trying to go? What are the gaps in getting there?" as a way to guide our smart-city efforts. Let's learn as we go. 

tried-and-true¡§¼Â¾ÚºÑ¤ß¤Î 

¤³¤ÎƤÏÀ¤Ø¤Î¥³¥á¥ó¥È¤Ï²æ¡¹¤Ï¿¤¯¤Î¤³¤È¤ò³Ø¤Ð¤Ê¤±¤ì¤Ð¤Ê¤é¤Ê¤¤¤È¤¤¤¦¤³¤È¤ò»ØŦ¤·¤Æ¤¤¤¿¡£»ä¤ÏJohn D. Macomber¤¬»Ô¾ì¤Î¥»¥°¥á¥ó¥Æ¡¼¥·¥ç¥ó¤È²ÁÃÍÁϤ¤Î¤è¤¦¤Ê¼Â¾ÚºÑ¤ß¤ÎStrategy 101¤Î¤è¤¦¤Ê¥Æ¥ó¥×¥ì¡¼¥È¤òÍøÍѤ¹¤ë¤Ù¤­¤À¤ÈÄ󾧤·¤Æ¤¤¤Æ¡¢¥¹¥Þ¡¼¥È¥·¥Æ¥£¤Ë´Ø¤¹¤ë¼è¤êÁȤߤòƳ¤¯ÊýË¡¤È¤·¤Æ¡¢¡È²æ¡¹¤Ï²¿¼Ô¤«¡É¡¢¡È¤É¤³¤Ø¹Ô¤³¤¦¤È¤·¤Æ¤ª¤ê¡¢²¿¤¬Â­¤ê¤Ê¤¤¤«¡©¡É¤È¤¤¤¦´ðËÜŪ¤Ê¼ÁÌä¤ò²æ¡¹¼«¿È¤ËÌ䤦¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡£

And I would like to conclude with the comment by Rick Huijbregts, who nicely captured my feelings about smart cities in this paragraph: "I applaud every Mayor, planner, engineer, builder, politician ¡Ä and tech company that is trying to bring new ideas and capabilities to the table that will ultimately help create networks of sustainable communities that can handle the population growth, economic shifts and political hardships, and create new opportunities for everyone. "Smart Cities" is not an end-state, and the journey has only just began. Rather than focusing on all that is wrong, maybe we focus on all that is good¡½learn from it¡½and evolve." 

bring new ideas and capabilities to the table ¡§¥¢¥¤¥Ç¥¢¤ò½Ð¤·¹ç¤¦ 
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Rick Huijbregts¤Î¥³¥á¥ó¥È¤ò¤â¤Ã¤ÆÄù¤á¤¯¤¯¤ê¤¿¤¤¡£Èà¤Ï¥¹¥Þ¡¼¥È¥·¥Æ¥£¤Ë¤Ä¤¤¤Æ¤Î»ä¤Î¹Í¤¨¤ò¤è¤¯¸½¤·¤Æ¤¯¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡£¡Ö»ä¤Ï¿Í¸ýÁý²Ã¡¢·ÐºÑÊѲ½¡¢À¯¼£Åª¤ÊÆñ¶É¤ËÂн褹¤ë¤³¤È¤Î¤Ç¤­¤ë¡¢¤½¤·¤Æï¤Ë¤Ç¤â¿·¤¿¤Êµ¡²ñ¤òÁϤ¤¹¤ë»ý³²Äǽ¤Ê¥³¥ß¥å¥Ë¥Æ¥£¤Î¥Í¥Ã¥È¥ï¡¼¥¯¤Î¹½Ãۤ˵æ¶Ë¤Ë·Ò¤¬¤ë¿·¤¿¤Ê¥¢¥¤¥Ç¥¢¤ä²ÄǽÀ­¤ò½Ð¤·¹ç¤ª¤¦¤È¤·¤Æ¤ëÁ´¤Æ¤Î»ÔĹ¡¢À¯¼£²È¡¢¥×¥é¥ó¥Ê¡¼¡¢¥¨¥ó¥¸¥Ë¥¢¡¢·úÀß´ë¶È¤ò¾Î»¿¤·¤¿¤¤¡£¡È¥¹¥Þ¡¼¥È¥·¥Æ¥£¡É¤ÏºÇ½ª·Á¤Ç¤Ï¤Ê¤¯¡¢¤è¤¦¤ä¤¯»Ï¤Þ¤Ã¤¿½ê¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£°­¤¤ÅÀ¤Ë¾ÇÅÀ¤òÅö¤Æ¤ë¤è¤ê¡¢Îɤ¤ÅÀ¤ËÃåÌܤ·¡¢¤½¤³¤«¤é³Ø¤Ó¡¢¿Ê²½¤µ¤»¤Æ¤¤¤Ã¤Æ¤Ï¤É¤¦¤«¡£¡× 

Featured guest 
Joe Dignan 
The question "Are smart cities empty hype?" is intentionally provocative and was no doubt designed to appeal to the well-known prejudices in the arena, but it presupposes that there is a common definition of smart cities and that there is one market. Equally, the debate appears to polarise it between a "resistance" movement of citizen activists, academia and small and medium-sized enterprises against the hegemonic ambitions of a few global IT companies. It would be wonderful if it were that simple. I would argue that "smart cities" is not hype but useful shorthand for the natural process of applying maturing technology and thinking to current societal challenges. The vibrancy of cities is important. My favourite quote on the importance of cities came from Barcelona's chief information officer, who was asked how important cities are to the economy in comparison to nation states. He responded: "Barcelona has been around for 2,000 years. I am not sure how much longer Spain will be around." Smart cities are not a matter of bits and bytes but people and evolution. 

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¥á¥¤¥ó¤Î¥²¥¹¥È¤Ç¤¢¤ëJoe Dignan
¥¹¥Þ¡¼¥È¥·¥Æ¥£¤Ï¸ØÄ¥¤µ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤Î¤«¡¢¤È¤¤¤¦Ì䤤¤Ï¤ï¤¶¤È»É·ãŪ¤Ë¡¢¤«¤Ä¼þÃΤÎÀèÆþ´Ñ¤ËÁʤ¨¤ë¤è¤¦¤Ëºî¤é¤ì¤¿¤â¤Î¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£¤·¤«¤·¡¢¥¹¥Þ¡¼¥È¥·¥Æ¥£¤Ë¤Ä¤¤¤Æ¤Î¶¦Ä̤·¤¿ÄêµÁ¤ä¤¢¤ë»Ô¾ì¤¬¤¢¤ë¤³¤È¤òÁ°Äó¤Ë¤·¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡£Æ±¤¸¤è¤¦¤Ë¡¢Æ¤ÏÀ¤Ï»Ô̱³èÆ°²È¤ä³Ø½Ñ³¦¡¢Ãæ¾®¤Î´ë¶È¤Ë¤è¤ë¾¯¿ô¤Î¥°¥í¡¼¥Ð¥ëIT´ë¶È¤ÎÇƸ¢Ìî˾¤ËÂФ¹¤ëÈ¿Âб¿Æ°¤È¤¤¤Ã¤¿¹½¿Þ¤Ë¤Ê¤Ã¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤¬¡¢»ö¤Ï¤½¤ó¤Êñ½ã¤Ê¤â¤Î¤Ç¤Ï¤Ê¤¤¡£¥¹¥Þ¡¼¥È¥·¥Æ¥£¤Ïñ¤Ê¤ë¸ØÄ¥¤Ç¤Ï¤Ê¤¯¡¢À®½Ï¤·¤¿µ»½Ñ¤ä¹Í¤¨¤ò¸½ºß¤Î¼Ò²ñŪ¤Ê²ÝÂê¤ËŬÍѤ¹¤ë¤È¤¤¤¦¼«Á³¤ÎÀ®¤ê¹Ô¤­¤Ç¤ÎÊØÍø¤Êɽ¸½¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£ÅԻԤγèÎϤϽÅÍפÀ¡£ÅԻԤνÅÍ×À­¤ò¸À¤¤É½¤¹¤è¤¤Îã¤Ï¡¢·ÐºÑ¤Ë¤È¤Ã¤ÆÅÔ»Ô¤¬¹ñ²È¤ÈÈæ³Ó¤·¤Æ¤É¤ì¤Û¤É½ÅÍפʤΤ«¤ÈÌä¤ï¤ì¤¿¥Ð¥ë¥»¥í¥Ê¤ÎCIO¤¬±þ¤¨¤Æ¡¢¡Ö¥Ð¥ë¥»¥í¥Ê¤Ï2,000ǯ¤ÎÎò»Ë¤¬¤¢¤ë¡£¥¹¥Ú¥¤¥ó¤Ï¤½¤ìÄø¤ÎÎò»Ë¤ò»ý¤ÁÆÀ¤ë¤À¤í¤¦¤«¡£¡×¤È¸À¤Ã¤¿¡£¥¹¥Þ¡¼¥È¥·¥Æ¥£¤Ï¾ðÊóÎ̤ÎÌäÂê¤Ç¤Ï¤Ê¤¯¡¢¿Í¡¹¤ä¤½¤Î¿Ê²½¤ÎÌäÂê¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£ 

In the same way that we are moving away from putting an "e" in front of service delivery using technology, we will probably lose the "smart" tag for smart cities. I have read many attempts to describe what a smart city is, but it is much easier to describe what a smart city is not. Firstly, it is not a city. It is a community of interests not defined by city limits, often manifesting itself as a city cluster of economic relativity. Some form of physical perimeter helps, but that is only in conjunction with budget and policy authority. Secondly, it is not about IT, though access to IT is important. It is most certainly not about IT companies, but IT companies are critical. Thirdly, it must not be thought about in terms of efficiency, productivity, shared services, cost reduction, or the imperatives of the centrally planned Thomas Gradgrind School of Improvement. Nor is it the social-capital panacea required of the "happy clappy" school of big-society citizen activists. 

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Thomas Gradgrind School of Improvement¡§¥Á¥ã¡¼¥ë¥º¡¦¥Ç¥£¥±¥ó¥º¤Î¾®Àâ¡Ö¥Ï¡¼¥É¡¦¥¿¥¤¥à¥º¡×¤Ç¤Ï¡¢¼çÍ×Åоì¿Íʪ¤Î°ì¿Í¤¬ Thomas Gradgrind¡£ One who relies solely on scientific measurements and observable facts without taking human nature into consideration. 
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Irving Wladawsky-Berger ¡ÊÈ¿ÏÀ¦¡Ë¤«¤é¤ÎÊIJñ¤Î°Õ¸«¤Î³¤­
The original question driving this debate, "are smart cities empty hype?", is similarly being asked of big data and data science¡½our ability to gather, analyse and extract insights from the huge amounts of data we are now able to collect. This is not surprising. The qualifier "smart", whether applied to cities, health care, or government, essentially means information-based or data-driven. So, I believe that the promise of smart cities is inexorably linked to the general promise of big data and data science. 

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Scientific revolutions are launched when new tools make possible all kinds of new measurements and observations. Early in the 17th century, Galileo made major improvements to the recently invented telescope which enabled him to make discoveries that radically changed our view of the universe. Over the centuries we have seen that new tools, measurements and discoveries precede major scientific breakthroughs in physics, chemistry, biology and other disciplines. 

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²Ê³ØŪ¤Ê³×Ì¿¤¬µ¯¤­¤ë¤Î¤Ï¡¢¿·¤¿¤Ê¥Ä¡¼¥ë¤¬ÍÍ¡¹¤Î¿·¤¿¤Ê¬Äê¤ä´Ñ»¡¤ò²Äǽ¤Ë¤·¤¿»þ¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£17À¤µª½éƬ¡¢¥¬¥ê¥ì¥ª¤Ï¤½¤ÎÅö»þȯÌÀ¤µ¤ì¤¿Ë¾±ó¶À¤òÂçÉý¤Ë²þÎɤ·¡¢¤½¤ì¤Ë¤è¤Ã¤Æ±§Ãè¤Ë¤Ä¤¤¤Æ¤Î¹Í¤¨Êý¤òº¬ËÜŪ¤ËÊѤ¨¤ë¤è¤¦¤Êȯ¸«¤¬¤Ê¤µ¤ì¤¿¡£²¿À¤µª¤Ë¤â¤ï¤¿¤Ã¤Æ¡¢²æ¡¹¤Ï¡¢¿·¤¿¤Ê¥Ä¡¼¥ë¤ä¬ÄêÊýË¡¡¢È¯¸«¤¬ÊªÍý³Ø¡¢²½³Ø¡¢À¸Êª³Ø¤½¤Î¾¤Î³ØÌäÎΰè¤Ç¤Î¥Ö¥ì¡¼¥¯¥¹¥ë¡¼¤òµ¯¤³¤·¤Æ¤­¤¿¤Î¤ò¸«¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡£

Big data is such a measurement revolution made possible by the new digital tools all around us, including location data transmitted by our mobile phones; searches, web links and social-media interactions; payments and transactions; the myriad smart sensors keeping track of the physical world; and so on. Perhaps the most exciting part of data science is that it can be applied to just about any domain of knowledge, given our new-found ability to gather valuable data on almost any topic. 

myriad ¡§Ìµ¿ô¤Î 

¥Ó¥Ã¥°¥Ç¡¼¥¿¤Ï²æ¡¹¤Î¿È¤Î²ó¤ê¤Î¤¢¤é¤æ¤ë¤È¤³¤í¤Ë¤¢¤ë¿·¤¿¤Ê¥Ç¥¸¥¿¥ë¥Ä¡¼¥ë¤Ë¤è¤Ã¤Æ²Äǽ¤È¤Ê¤Ã¤¿·×¬³×Ì¿¤Ç¤¢¤ê¡¢¤½¤ì¤é¤Ï·ÈÂÓ¤«¤éÅÁÁ÷¤µ¤ì¤ë°ÌÃ֥ǡ¼¥¿¤ä¸¡º÷¡¢¥¦¥§¥Ö¥ê¥ó¥¯¤ä¥½¡¼¥·¥ã¥ë¥á¥Ç¥£¥¢¤Î°Õ»×ÁÂÄÌ¡¢»Ùʧ¤¤¤È¾¦¼è°ú¤½¤·¤ÆʪÍýŪ¤ÊÀ¤³¦¤Î¾ÚÀפòµ­Ï¿¤¹¤ë̵¿ô¤Î¥¹¥Þ¡¼¥È¥»¥ó¥µ¡¼¤Ê¤É¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£¶²¤é¤¯¡¢ºÇ¤â¥¨¥­¥µ¥¤¥Æ¥£¥ó¥°¤Ê¥Ç¡¼¥¿²Ê³Ø¤ÎÉôʬ¤Ï¤¢¤é¤æ¤ëÃμ±Îΰè¤ËŬÍѤµ¤ì¤¦¤ë¤Î¤Ç¡¢ËؤÉÇ¡²¿¤Ê¤ë¥Æ¡¼¥Þ¤ËÂФ·¤Æ¤âÍ­±×¤Ê¥Ç¡¼¥¿¤ò¼ý½¸¤¹¤ë¤¿¤á¤Î¿·¤¿¤Ë¸«¤¤¤À¤µ¤ì¤¿Ç½ÎϤòÄ󶡤¹¤ë¤³¤È¤¬½ÐÍè¤ë¡£

In particular, data science holds great promise for cities and other socio-technical systems like those found in health care, business and government. These systems have to deal with not only the complexities associated with large-scale physical and digital infrastructures, but also the even more complex issues involved in human and organisational behaviours. 

Æäˡ¢¥Ç¡¼¥¿²Ê³Ø¤ÏÅÔ»Ô¤ä·ò¹¯Êݸ±¤ä´ë¶È¡¢À¯Éܤ˸«¤é¤ì¤ë¤½¤Î¾¤Î¼Ò²ñµ»½ÑŪ¤Ê¥·¥¹¥Æ¥à¤Ë¤È¤Ã¤ÆÂ礭¤Ê²ÄǽÀ­¤òÈë¤á¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡£¤³¤ì¤é¤Î¥·¥¹¥Æ¥à¤ÏÂ絬ÌϤÊʪÍýŪ¤¢¤ë¤¤¤Ï¥Ç¥¸¥¿¥ëŪ¤Ê¥¤¥ó¥Õ¥é¤Ë´Ø¤¹¤ëÊ£»¨¤µ¤Î¤ß¤Ê¤é¤º¡¢¿Í¤äÁÈ¿¥¤Î¹ÔÆ°¤Ë´Þ¤Þ¤ì¤ë¤è¤êÊ£»¨¤ÊÌäÂꤵ¤¨¤â¼è¤ê°·¤ï¤Ê¤±¤ì¤Ð¤Ê¤é¤Ê¤¤¡£ 

Our new big-data tools have the potential to usher an information-based scientific revolution in cities and other such highly complex social institutions. We need to learn how to best leverage our tools¡½their benefits as well as their limits¡½and how to surmount major obstacles, including privacy concerns. But, like all scientific revolutions, this will take time, and the necessary educational and research programmes are in the very early stages. 

usher¡§¤ÎÀè¶î¤±¤È¤Ê¤ë
surmount¡§¾è¤ê±Û¤¨¤ë 

²æ¡¹¤Î¥Ó¥Ã¥°¥Ç¡¼¥¿¥Ä¡¼¥ë¤ÏÅԻԤ䤽¤Î¾¤ÎÊ£»¨¤Ê¼Ò²ñÁÈ¿¥¤Ë¤ª¤±¤ë¾ðÊó²Ê³Ø³×Ì¿¤ÎÀè¶î¤±¤È¤Ê¤ë²ÄǽÀ­¤ò»ý¤Ã¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡£²æ¡¹¤Ï¥Ä¡¼¥ë¤Î¸Â³¦¡¦ÍøÅÀ¡¢¥×¥é¥¤¥Ð¥·¡¼ÌäÂê¤ò´Þ¤à²ÝÂê¤ò¹îÉþ¤¹¤ëÊýË¡¤Ê¤É¡¢¤½¤Î¥Ä¡¼¥ë¤ÎºÇÁ±¤Ê»È¤¤Êý¤ò¹Í¤¨¤ëɬÍפ¬¤¢¤ë¡£¤·¤«¤·¡¢¤¢¤é¤æ¤ë²Ê³Ø³×Ì¿¤ÈƱÍͤ˻þ´Ö¤¬¤«¤«¤ë¤â¤Î¤Ç¤¢¤ê¡¢¤­¤ï¤á¤Æ½é´ü¤ÎÃʳ¬¤ÇŬÀڤʶµ°é¤äÄ´ºº¥×¥í¥°¥é¥à¤¬É¬ÍפȤʤë¤Î¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£ 

ÅÚÍËÆüº£Æü¤Ï¤³¤ì¤Þ¤Ç¡£ºòÆü¤ÏÊì¿Æ¤Î½ê¤Ë¸«Éñ¤¤¤Ë¸À¤Ã¤¿¡£¤½¤Î´Ö¡¢¹Ô¤­µ¢¤ê¤ÏÌÀÆü¤Î°Ù¤Ë¹»Ò¤òÉü½¬¤·¤¿¡££µ»þȾ¤Ë¼«Âð¤ËÌá¤Ã¤¿¤¬¡¢ºòÈÕ¤Ï11»þº¢¤Þ¤Ç¹»Ò¤È»°½½Ï»·×¤ò¤â¤¦°ìÅÙ¡¢»×¤¤½Ð¤¹°Ù¤Ë»ñÎÁ¤òÆɤó¤À¡£Î̤¬Â¿¤¤¤Î¤Ç¡¢»þ´Ö¤¬¤«¤«¤Ã¤¿¡£¤Á¤ç¤Ã¤È¿¤¹¤®¤¿¤¬¡¢º£Æü¤Î¹ÖµÁ¤Çº£¸å¤É¤Î¤è¤¦¤Ë¤¹¤ë¤«·è¤á¤è¤¦¡£¤µ¤¢¡¢º£Æü¤Ï¤³¤ì¤«¤é³Ú¤·¤¤¸¦½¤¤À¡£¤Ç¤Ï¤Þ¤¿ÌÀÆü¡£

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Irving Wladawsky-Berger ¡ÊÈ¿ÏÀ¦¡Ë¤«¤é¤ÎÊIJñ¤Î°Õ¸«¤Î³¤­
Complex platforms like those we envision for smart cities must be firmly grounded on open-source software and open industry standards jointly developed by their key stakeholders, as is the case with the web. In fact, smart-city platforms will probably be developed leveraging the web and other such internet-based systems. Only then can they attract a large ecosystem of innovators¡½including individuals, start-ups, professional organisations, established companies and city agencies¡½that will build a wide variety of applications and services on the platform. 

envision¡§»×¤¤ÉÁ¤¯
firmly grounded on¡§¤·¤Ã¤«¤ê¤È¡¡¤Ë´ð¤Å¤¤¤Æ¤¤¤ë
leveraging¡§ÍøÍѤ·¤Æ
probably¡§¶²¤é¤¯¡¿½½ÃæȬ¶å¤Ï
Only then¡§¤½¤Î»þ¤Ë¤Ê¤Ã¤Æ¤è¤¦¤ä¤¯

²æ¡¹¤¬»×¤¤ÉÁ¤¯Ê£»¨¤Ê¥×¥é¥Ã¥È¥Õ¥©¡¼¥à¤È¤Ï¡¢¤·¤Ã¤«¤ê¤È¥¦¥¨¥Ö¤ÈƱ¤¸¤è¤¦¤Ë¡¢Íø³²´Ø·¸¼Ô¤Ë¤è¤Ã¤Æ¶¦Æ±¤Ç³«È¯¤µ¤ì¤¿¥ª¡¼¥×¥ó¥½¡¼¥¹¥½¥Õ¥È¥¦¥¨¥¢¡¢¥ª¡¼¥×¥ó¤Ê¶È³¦É¸½à¤Ë´ð¤Å¤¯¤â¤Î¤Ç¤Ê¤±¤ì¤Ð¤Ê¤é¤Ê¤¤¡£¼ÂºÝ¤Ë¡¢¥¹¥Þ¡¼¥È¥·¥Æ¥£¥×¥é¥Ã¥È¥Õ¥©¡¼¥à¤Ï¤ª¤½¤é¤¯¥¦¥¨¥Ö¤ä¤½¤Î¾¤Î¥¤¥ó¥¿¡¼¥Í¥Ã¥È¤ò¥Ù¡¼¥¹¤È¤·¤¿¥·¥¹¥Æ¥à¤òÍøÍѤ·¤Æ³«È¯¤µ¤ì¤ë¤À¤í¤¦¡£¤½¤Î»þ¤Ë¤Ê¤Ã¤Æ¤è¤¦¤ä¤¯¡¢¸Ä¿Í¡¢¿·¶½´ë¶È¡¢ÀìÌ絡´Ø¡¢À¤´Ö¤Ëǧ¤á¤é¤ì¤¿´ë¶È¡¢»Ô¤Îµ¡´Ø¤ò´Þ¤à¥¤¥Î¥Ù¡¼¥¿¡¼¤Î¥Ó¥¸¥Í¥¹Á´ÂΤò°ú¤­¹þ¤à¤³¤È¤¬¤Ç¤­¤ë¤Î¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£¤½¤ì¤é¤¬¥×¥é¥Ã¥È¥Õ¥©¡¼¥à¾å¤Ç¿Íͤʥ¢¥×¥ê¥±¡¼¥·¥ç¥ó¤È¥µ¡¼¥Ó¥¹¤òºî¤ë¤³¤È¤Ë¤Ê¤ë¡£ 

I agree with The Economist's observation in "The Multiplexed Metropolis" that there will hopefully be a large variety of platforms and applications depending on the kinds of users and ecosystems one wants to attract. Most complex software systems are composed of horizontally stacked layers of platforms. The base, as is the case with the internet and the web, is optimised for economies of scale and interoperability. This is where open source is most important. As you go up the stack, you find more fragmentation and variety. Some layers will be open to anyone, while others will be more like proprietary walled gardens aimed at different kinds of apps. Some will offer almost everything a user needs, while others will be bare-bone affairs. Some will be developed by individuals, professional organisations and city agencies as public services, while others will be for profit, brought to market by start-ups and established companies. 

kinds of¡§all kinds of¡¿¤¿¤¯¤µ¤ó¤Î¡¿ÍÍ¡¹¤Ê
hopefully¡§¶²¤é¤¯¡¿´ê¤ï¤¯¤Ï
horizontally stacked¡§²£ÀѤߤµ¤ì¤¿
interoperability¡§Áê¸ß±¿ÍÑÀ­ 
fragmentation¡§ÃÇÊÒ²½
walled garden¡§Êɤ˰Ϥޤ줿Äí
bare-bone¡§É¬Í׺Ǿ®¸Â¤Î 

»ä¤Ï"The Multiplexed Metropolis"¤Ç¤ÎEconomist¤Î¸«²ò¤Ë»¿À®¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£¤½¤³¤Ç¤Ï¡¢¶²¤é¤¯°ú¤­¹þ¤ß¤¿¤¤ÍÍ¡¹¤Ê¥æ¡¼¥¶¡¼¤ä´ë¶È¤Î¥°¥ë¡¼¥×¼¡Âè¤Ç¡¢Â¿Íͤʥץé¥Ã¥È¥Õ¥©¡¼¥à¤ä¥¢¥×¥ê¥±¡¼¥·¥ç¥ó¤¬¤¢¤êÆÀ¤ë¤À¤í¤¦¤È¸À¤ï¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡£¤Û¤È¤ó¤É¤ÎÊ£»¨¤Ê¥½¥Õ¥È¥¦¥¨¥¢¥·¥¹¥Æ¥à¤Ï¿åʿŪ¤Ë½Å¤Ê¤Ã¤¿¥×¥é¥Ã¥È¥Õ¥©¡¼¥à¤«¤é¤Ê¤Ã¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡£¥¤¥ó¥¿¡¼¥Í¥Ã¥È¤ä¥¦¥¨¥Ö¤ÈƱ¤¸¤è¤¦¤Ë¡¢¥Ù¡¼¥¹¤È¤Ê¤ëÉôʬ¤Ïµ¬ÌϤηкѤäÁê¸ß±¿ÍѤΤ¿¤á¤ËºÇŬ²½¤µ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡£¤³¤ÎÅÀ¤³¤½¡¢¥ª¡¼¥×¥ó¥½¡¼¥¹¤Ç¤¢¤ë¤³¤È¤¬ºÇ¤â½ÅÍפʤȤ³¤í¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£¥×¥é¥Ã¥È¥Õ¥©¡¼¥à¤Î³¬Áؤ¬¾å¤¬¤ë¤Ë¤Ä¤ì¤Æ¥½¥Õ¥È¥¦¥§¥¢¤Ï¤è¤êÃÇÊÒ²½¤·¡¢Â¿ÍͲ½¤¹¤ë¡£´ö¤Ä¤«¤Î³¬ÁؤÏï¤Ë¤Ç¤â¥ª¡¼¥×¥ó¤Ç¤¢¤ë¤¬¡¢¤½¤Î¾¤Î³¬Áؤϰۤʤä¿¥¢¥×¥ê¥±¡¼¥·¥ç¥ó¤òÌÜŪ¤È¤·¤¿Æȼ«¤ÎÊɤ˰Ϥޤ줿Äí¤Î¤è¤¦¤À¡£´ö¤Ä¤«¤Î³¬Áؤϥ桼¥¶¡¼¤¬É¬ÍפȤ¹¤ë¤Û¤È¤ó¤É¤¹¤Ù¤Æ¤Î¥â¥Î¤òÄ󶡤¹¤ë¤¬¡¢É¬Í׺ÇÄã¸Â¤·¤«Ä󶡤·¤Ê¤¤¤â¤Î¤â¤¢¤ë¡£¤¢¤ë¤â¤Î¤Ï¸Ä¿Í¤äÀìÌ絡´Ø¡¢»ÔÀ¯Éܵ¡´Ø¤Ë¤è¤Ã¤Æ¸øŪ¥µ¡¼¥Ó¥¹¤È¤·¤Æ³«È¯¤µ¤ì¤ë¤¬¡¢¿·¶½´ë¶È¤äÂ礭¤Ê´ë¶È¤Ë¤è¤Ã¤Æ»ý¤Á¹þ¤Þ¤ì¤ë±ÄÍøÌÜŪ¤Î¤â¤Î¤â¤¢¤ë¡£

"Tim O'Reilly, one of the IT industry's more thoughtful gurus, talks of a future in which government itself is best seen as a platform," wrote The Economist. "If that is the way things are headed, cities may be in the van. City governments could provide basic services such as environmental and traffic information, a citywide payment system along the lines of those now often used for mass transit and firewalls to keep users safe from hackers and other digital mischief-makers¡½and let citizens and companies use them to build their own offerings. But the balance between what the city provides and what is sorted out by the citizens and the companies they do with business with will differ from place to place." 

things get headed in the wrong direction with ...: ¤É¤¦¤â¡Á¤ÎÍͻҤ¬¤ª¤«¤·¤¤
 in the van¡§ÀèƬ¤ËΩ¤Ã¤Æ 
mass transit¡§¸ø¶¦¸òÄ̵¡´Ø¡¿ÂçÎÌÍ¢Á÷µ¡´Ø
along the lines of¡§¤ËÊï¤Ã¤Æ 
mischief-maker¡§¥È¥é¥Ö¥ë¥á¡¼¥«¡¼

Ecomonist¤Ç¤Ï¡¢IT»º¶È³¦¤Î¥ê¡¼¥À¡¼¤Ç¤¢¤ëTim O'Reilly¤ÏÀ¯Éܼ«¿È¤¬¥×¥é¥Ã¥È¥Õ¥©¡¼¥à¤Ë¤Ê¤Ã¤Æ¤¤¤ë¾­Íè¤Ë¤Ä¤¤¤ÆÏä·¤¿¤³¤È¤ò¼è¤ê¾å¤²¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡£¡Ö¤â¤·¤½¤¦¤À¤È¤¹¤ì¤Ð¡¢ÅÔ»Ô¤¬¤½¤ÎÀè¿Ø¤òÀڤ뤳¤È¤Ë¤Ê¤ë¤À¤í¤¦¡£»ÔÀ¯ÉܤϴĶ­¾ðÊó¤ä¸òÄ̾ðÊó¤Î¤è¤¦¤Ê´ðËÜŪ¤Ê¥µ¡¼¥Ó¥¹¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡¢¸òÄ̵¡´Ø¤ä¥Õ¥¡¥¤¥¢¥¦¥©¡¼¥ë¤Î»ÅÁȤߤòÍøÍѤ·¤Æ¤¤¤ë¿Í¡¹¤Î°Ù¤Î·èºÑ¥·¥¹¥Æ¥à¤òÄ󶡤¹¤ë¤³¤È¤¬¤Ç¤­¤ë¡£¤½¤·¤Æ»Ô̱¤ä´ë¶È¤¬¤½¤ì¤òÍøÍѤ·¤ÆÈà¤é¼«¿È¤ÎÄ󶡤¹¤ë¤â¤Î¤òºî¤ë¤³¤È¤¬¤Ç¤­¤ë¡£¤·¤«¤·¡¢ÅÔ»Ô¤¬Ä󶡤¹¤ë¤â¤Î¤È»Ô̱¤ä´ë¶È¤Ë¤è¤Ã¤ÆŸ³«¤µ¤ì¤ë¤â¤Î¤Î¥Ð¥é¥ó¥¹¤Ï¾ì½ê¤Ë¤è¤Ã¤Æ°Û¤Ê¤ë¤À¤í¤¦¡£¡×

Key to making this wide variety of applications work is the ability to interoperate and share data as appropriate. This is what has made the web so successful since its inception over 20 years ago. Hopefully, smart-cities platforms will follow a similar evolution. 

interoperate¡§Áê¸ß±¿ÍѤ¹¤ë¡¿Æ±»þ¤ËÍøÍѤ¹¤ë
as appropriate¡§É¬Íפ˱þ¤¸¤Æ 
inception¡§»Ï¤Þ¤ê 

¤³¤Î¹­ÈϤˤ錄¤ë¿Íͤʥ¢¥×¥ê¥±¡¼¥·¥ç¥ó¤òµ¡Ç½¤µ¤»¤ë¤¿¤á¤Î¸°¤Ï¡¢É¬Íפ˱þ¤¸¤ÆÁê¸ß±¿ÍѤ·¤¿¤ê¥Ç¡¼¥¿¤ò¶¦Í­¤Ç¤­¤ë¤«¤É¤¦¤«¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡££²£°Ç¯°Ê¾å¤Ë¤ï¤¿¤Ã¤Æ¥¦¥§¥Ö¤¬»Ï¤Þ¤Ã¤Æ°ÊÍèÀ®¸ù¤·¤¿¤Î¤â¤³¤Î¤¿¤á¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£ ¶²¤é¤¯¥¹¥Þ¡¼¥È¥·¥Æ¥£¥×¥é¥Ã¥È¥Õ¥©¡¼¥à¤Ï¤Ë¤¿¤è¤¦¤Ê¿Ê²½¤ò¿ë¤²¤ë¤À¤í¤¦¡£

¶âÍËÆüº£Æü¤Ï¤³¤ì¤Þ¤Ç¡£ºòÆü¤ÏÆü´©¹©¶È¤Î¹ÃÈ夵¤ó¤ÈÃë¿©¤ò¤·¤¿¡£»ä¤Î³¤Ìî²ñ¤ÎÈà¤é¥Ð¡¼¥¸¥ç¥ó¤ò¸¡Æ¤¤·¤Æ¤Û¤·¤¤¤ÈÄó°Æ¤·¤¿¡£ÌÀÆü¤Ïµ×¤·¤Ö¤ê¤Ë¸¦½¤¤¬¤¢¤ë¡£º£Æü¤¬µÙ¤ß¤Ê¤Î¤Ç¡¢ºòÆü¤Ï¤½¤Î»ñÎÁ¤ÎºÇ½ª²½¤ò¹Ô¤Ã¤¿¡£º£Æü¤Ï»°½½Ï»·×¤È¹»Ò¤Îͽ½¬¤ò¤·¤Ê¤±¤ì¤Ð¤Ê¤é¤Ê¤¤¡£Â¹»Ò¤ÏÎ̤¬Â¿¤¤¤Î¤Ç¡¢ÂçÊѤÀ¡£35ʬ¤ÇÀâÌÀ¤¹¤ë¤Ë¤ÏÁêÅö´Ö°ú¤«¤Ê¤¤¤È½ª¤ï¤ë¤³¤È¤¬¤Ç¤­¤Ê¤¤¡£º£Æü¤ÏÊì¿Æ¤Î¸«Éñ¤¤¤À¡£µ×¤·¤Ö¤ê¤À¡£¤Ç¤Ï¤Þ¤¿ÌÀÆü¡£

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Æ°µÄ¤Î»Ù»ý¼Ô¤ÎÊIJñ¤Î°Õ¸«¤Î³¤­
To conclude this debate, I must reiterate my opening argument that it is the smart-city visions sold by industry over the past half-decade that are indeed empty hype. 

·ëÏÀ¤È¤·¤Æ¡¢²áµî5ǯ¤ËÅϤäƻº¶È³¦¤Ë¤è¤êÇä¤é¤ì¤ÆÍ褿¥¹¥Þ¡¼¥È¥·¥Æ¥£¹½ÁۤϤޤµ¤Ë¸ØÄ¥¤µ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤È¤¤¤¦¥ª¡¼¥×¥Ë¥ó¥°¤ÎµÄÏÀ¤ò·«¤êÊÖ¤¹É¬Íפ¬¤¢¤ë¡£ 

But at the same time, we have barely begun to explore the vast potential of building smart cities, along the lines not of the instant cities of the 20th century but of traditional cities that evolved over time, shaped by the bare hands and rainy-day savings of their inhabitants, literally from the materials at hand. 

along the lines of¡§¤Ë½¾¤Ã¤Æ¡¿¤Ë±è¤Ã¤Æ
rainy-day¡§Ëü¤¬°ì¤Î¾ì¹ç¤Î 
literally¡§Ê¸»úÄ̤ê¤Ë 
at hand¡§¼ê¸µ¤Ë¤¢¤ë 

¤·¤«¤·¡¢Æ±»þ¤Ë¡¢²æ¡¹¤Ï20À¤µª¤Î¨ÀÊÅԻԤǤϤʤ¯¡¢Ê¸»úÄ̤ê¼ê»ý¤Á¤ÎºàÎÁ¤ò»È¤Ã¤Æ¡¢¤½¤³¤Ë½»¤à¿Í㼫¿È¤Î¼ê¤ÈËü¤¬°ì¤Î»þ¤Î°Ù¤ËÃù¤á¤¿»ñ¶â¤ò»È¤Ã¤Æ¡¢»þ´Ö¤ò¤«¤±¤Æ¤¤é¤ì¤¿ÀΤʤ¬¤é¤ÎÅԻԤ˽¾¤Ã¤Æ¥¹¥Þ¡¼¥È¥·¥Æ¥£·úÀߤÎÂ礭¤Ê²ÄǽÀ­¤ò¿É¤¦¤¸¤Æõº÷¤·»Ï¤á¤¿¤Ð¤«¤ê¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£ 

Much like our co-operative wireless mesh in Hoboken, it turns out that many of the problems that cities face do not lend themselves to quick, top-down solutions designed by big companies. In many cases, problems need to be addressed at a fine-grain scale with active participation by citizens in crafting, implementing, maintaining and improving them over time. 

fine-grain¡§Èùγ»Ò¤Î 
craft¡§ºî¤ë

¥Û¡¼¥Ü¡¼¥±¥ó¤Î¶¦Æ±±¿±Ä·¿¤Î¥ï¥¤¥ä¥ì¥¹¥Í¥Ã¥È¥ï¡¼¥¯¤ÈƱ¤¸¤è¤¦¤Ë¡¢ÅÔ»Ô¤¬Ä¾Ì̤¹¤ëÌäÂê¤ÏÂç´ë¶È¤¬À߷פ·¤¿¿×®¤Ç¥È¥Ã¥×¥À¥¦¥ó·¿¤Î¥½¥ê¥å¡¼¥·¥ç¥ó¤Ç²ò·è¤Ç¤­¤ë¤â¤Î¤Ç¤Ï¤Ê¤¯¡¢Â¿¤¯¤Î¾ì¹ç¡¢ÌäÂê¤Ï»Ô̱¤ÎÀѶËŪ¤Ê»²²è¤Ë¤è¤ê¤­¤áºÙ¤ä¤«¤Ë¡¢»þ´Ö¤ò¤«¤±¤Æ¤¤ê¾å¤²¡¢Æ³Æþ¡¦°Ý»ý¡¦²þÁ±¤µ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤¯É¬Íפ¬¤¢¤ë¡£ 

Mr Wladawsky-Berger seems to believe that the current division of responsibility for delivering public services between city governments (and their corporate advisers) and citizens is a static balance. It is at best a few hundred years old, and is under tremendous strain throughout the world. And change is mobilising quickly. Big companies are exerting tremendous leverage over city governments through public-private partnerships. Citizen-driven initiatives are making great strides as well, exploiting new tools for co-ordinating collective action, like online crowdfunding. 

division of responsibility¡§ÀÕǤ¤Îʬô
static balance¡§ÀÅŪ¤ÊÄà¤ê¹ç¤¤
at best¡§¤è¤¯¤Æ¤â¡¿¤»¤¤¤¼¤¤ 
under strain¡§Ééô¤¬¤«¤«¤Ã¤Æ¤¤¤ë 
mobilising¡§Æ°°÷¤µ¤ì¤ë 
exerting¡§±Æ¶ÁÎϤò¹Ô»È¤¹¤ë 
making great strides¡§ÈôÌöŪȯŸ¤ò¿ë¤²¤ë
crowdfunding¡§¥¯¥é¥¦¥É¥Õ¥¡¥ó¥Ç¥£¥ó¥°¢¡»ñ¶âĴã¤ÎÊýË¡¤Î°ì¤Ä¡£¥¤¥ó¥¿¡¼¥Í¥Ã¥È¤Ê¤É¤òÄ̤¸¤Æ¿¿ô¤Î»Ù»ý¼Ô¡¦¥Õ¥¡¥ó¤«¤é¾¯¤·¤º¤Ä»ñ¶â¤ò½¸¤á¡¢ÌÜŪ¤ò㤹¤ë¤â¤Î¡£ 

Wladawsky-Berger¤Ï¡¢»ÔÀ¯ÉÜ¡¢Èà¤é¤ËÂФ¹¤ë´ë¶È¤Î¸ÜÌäÃĤȻÔ̱¤ò·Ò¤°¸øŪ¥µ¡¼¥Ó¥¹¤ò±¿±Ä¤¹¤ë¸½ºß¤ÎÀÕǤ¤Îʬô¤Ï°ÂÂ٤ʾõ¶·¤Ë¤¢¤ë¤È»×¤Ã¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤è¤¦¤Ç¤¢¤ë¤¬¡¢¾¯¤Ê¤¯¸«ÀѤâ¤Ã¤Æ¤â¿ôɴǯ·Ð¤Ã¤Æ¤ª¤ê¡¢À¤³¦Ãæ¤ËÂ礭¤ÊÉéô¤¬¤«¤«¤Ã¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡£ÊѲ½¤¬µÞ®¤Ëµ¯¤­¤Æ¤­¤Æ¤ª¤ê¡¢Âç´ë¶È¤Ï´±Ì±Ï¢·È¤òÄ̤¸¤Æ»ÔÀ¯ÉܤؤαƶÁÎϤò¹Ô»È¤·¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡£»Ô̱¼çƳ¤Î¼è¤êÁȤߤâÀ¹¤ê¾å¤¬¤Ã¤Æ¤­¤Æ¤ª¤ê¡¢¥ª¥ó¥é¥¤¥ó¡¦¥¯¥é¥¦¥É¥Õ¥¡¥¦¥ó¥Ç¥£¥ó¥°¤Î¤è¤¦¤Ê½¸ÃĹÔÆ°¤òÄ´À°¤¹¤ë¤¿¤á¤Î¿·¤¿¤Ê¼è¤êÁȤߤò³«È¯¤·¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡£

For local government, the challenge is not figuring out how to preserve the status quo. Rather it needs to be redefining itself as an agile master integrator of all these other efforts. In an age of severe fiscal austerity, economic stagnation and fast-gathering threats from climate change, it may be the only way to remain relevant. 

agile¡§µ¡ÉҤʠ
master¡§Í¥¤ì¤¿
fiscal austerity¡§¶Û½ÌºâÀ¯ 

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The opposition's closing remarks
Dec 11th 2013 
Irving Wladawsky-Berger 
As our debate moderator, Ludwig Siegele, points out, I opened my rebuttal by agreeing with many of the points made by Anthony Townsend, whereas Mr Townsend chose to emphasise our differences. I was frankly surprised that he chose to do so in what reads a bit like an angry rant, but so be it. Let's now move on to my closing statement. 

rant¡§Ë½¸À¤òÅǤ¯¤³¤È 
so be it¡§¤½¤ì¤Ê¤é¤½¤ì¤Ç¤è¤¤ 

È¿ÂмԤÎÊIJñ¤Î°Õ¸«
Mr Townsend¤Ï°ã¤¤¤ò¶¯Ä´¤·¤¿¤¬¡¢»Ê²ñ¼Ô¤¬¸À¤Ã¤¿¤è¤¦¤Ë¡¢»ä¤Ï¿¤¯¤ÎÅÀ¤Ë»¿Æ±¤¹¤ë¤³¤È¤«¤éÈ¿ÏÀ¤ò»Ï¤á¤¿¡£Mr Townsend¤¬ÅܤäƤ¤¤ë¤è¤¦¤Ë¤â»×¤¨¤ë½ñ¤­Êý¤ò¤·¤¿¤Î¤Ë¤ÏÀµÄ¾¶Ã¤¤¤¿¤¬¡¢¤½¤ì¤é¤Ê¤½¤ì¤Ç¤è¤¤¡£ 

In his moderator remarks, Mr Siegele asks me to comment on whether I think that it is really an option for cities to adopt proprietary platforms. Absolutely not. My categorical answer is based on my personal experience over the past 20 years, having led IBM's internet and Linux initiatives and worked closely with a number of open communities. 

categorical¡§ÌÀ³Î¤Ê 

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