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Oct 24, 2017 | 07:59 GMT
In China, Innovation Cuts Both Ways
By Matthew Bey

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Jack Ma, chairman of China's Alibaba Group, speaks at the 2015 CeBIT expo in Hannover, Germany.
Jack Ma, chairman of China's Alibaba Group, speaks at the 2015 CeBIT expo in Hannover, Germany.(SEAN GALLUP/Getty Images)

China is in a bind. The heavy industry that propelled the country's economy through three decades of dizzying growth has reached its limits. To escape the dreaded middle-income trap, China will need to shift its focus from low-end manufacturing to other economic industries, namely the technology sector. Beijing has put tech at the center of its long-term economic strategy through campaigns such as Made in China 2025 and Internet Plus. But these initiatives alone won't push the Chinese economy past its current plateau. The tech sector is notorious for relentless innovation. And innovation requires flexibility. 

in a bind¡§¤Ò¤É¤¯º¤¤Ã¤Æ
dizzying¡§¡Ò¹â¤µŽ¥Â®¤µ¤Ê¤É¤¬¡ÓÌܤ¬¤¯¤é¤à¤è¤¦¤Ê.
reach a plateau¡§ÄäÂÚ´ü¤ËÆþ¤ë, ¿­¤ÓǺ¤à.
notorious¡§°­Ì¾¹â¤¤, (°­»ö¤Ç)ͭ̾¤Ê 

For the Chinese government, flexibility is an unsettling prospect. Giving tech companies the leeway they need to keep up with — and, ideally, get ahead of — their competition is the only way Beijing can achieve its goals for economic growth and development. However, granting tech firms and their influential leaders the autonomy required to compete on the global stage could undermine the central government's power over the economy and set an uncomfortable precedent for the rest of China's industries. Faced with the seemingly incompatible tasks of promoting innovation and maintaining control over the economy, the Communist Party of China is struggling to figure out how to regulate the tech sector without stifling it. 

unsettling prospect¡§É԰¤ʾ­Íè¤Î¸«Ä̤·
leeway¡§¼«Í³(ºÛÎÌ), ;ÃÏ
precedent¡§set [create] a precedent¡¡ÀèÎã¤òºî¤ë
incompatible¡§Î¾Î©¤·¤Ê¤¤
stifling¡§ÍÞ°µ¤¹¤ë

A Brave New World
China's economy has come a long way during the past 30 years. In addition to the giant state-owned enterprises for which the country is famous, or perhaps infamous, a growing number of private companies operate in China today. Companies that are at least partly private, in fact, dominate the Chinese tech sector, though many of the firms still have deep political and financial ties to the government. Beijing's level of involvement and influence varies from company to company, often in inverse proportion to a firm's capabilities. 

infamous¡§the now infamous journalist º£¤Ç¤Ï°­Ì¾¤Î¹â¤¤ÊóÆ»µ­¼Ô.
inverse¡§in inverse proportion to  ¤ÈÈ¿ÈæÎ㤷¤Æ.

Many of the most capable and effective technology companies in China are variable interest entities, private firms that have managed to skirt regulations prohibiting foreign investment and list their stock overseas. By following the so-called Sina model — named for the telecommunications company that first exploited the regulatory loophole — China's most successful technology firms have secured the funding and resources they need to get ahead. 

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skirt¡§ÌäÂê¤Ê¤É¡Ó¤òÈò¤±¤ÆÄ̤ë, ²óÈò¤¹¤ë.

Listing their shares abroad not only offers tech companies opportunities for financing beyond the Chinese system, which Beijing often uses to influence private firms, but it also gives them greater access to foreign talent and expertise. That said, the companies that have followed this pattern, such as Alibaba Group, Baidu Inc., Tencent Holdings Ltd. and, of course, the namesake Sina Corp., had already established themselves on the Chinese market before setting off overseas. 

namesake¡§¤ÈƱ̾¤Î¤â¤Î

Beyond the handful of giants at the top of Chinese tech, the rest of the sector is wildly diverse. The vast majority of the country's small firms lack the financing and flexibility to hold their own outside tech hubs such as Shenzhen. Perhaps the most prominent exception is Huawei Technologies Co. Ltd., founded 30 years ago by Ren Zhengfei. 

The company has made a name for itself not by courting investment abroad but through its sheer performance, which, coupled with China's steadily growing research and development budget, enabled it to attract world-class engineers. Today, it is one of the country's most proficient tech companies. Most state-owned enterprises, by contrast, have struggled to make their mark in the tech sector, regardless of whether a central, provincial or local authority operates them. 

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coupled¡§¤ò´ØÏ¢¤Å¤±¤ë ¢ãwith¢ä
proficient¡§½Ïã[Îý]¤·¤¿, µ»Î̤Τ¢¤ë

Total Chinese Investment in Tech Sector, 2005-2017
With such a variety of companies in the field, China's tech sector has become highly competitive. The largest firms — much like their U.S. counterparts, Google, Apple Inc. or Amazon — have to adapt continuously to stay on top of their competition. In the process, they have become leaders in innovation. Huawei Technologies, for example, started its own semiconductor subsidiary to distinguish itself from other Chinese smartphone manufacturers, many of which rely on foreign suppliers for their circuits. And Alibaba ranked seventh among the world's most innovative companies in a recent KPMG survey, beating even Samsung Electronics. 

circuits¡§²óÏ©

Losing Control
All the while, Beijing has used a combination of incentive structures and informal ties to the industry to guide, rather than command, the tech sector. By giving or withholding procurement contract opportunities, tax breaks and access to state investment funds, financial institutions and subsidies, the central government tries to steer the sector as a whole, even if it doesn't directly control the individual companies. Its primary aim in this endeavor is to preserve the social order and to keep possible threats to stability, such as unemployment or inequality, at bay. 

His bodyguard watches him all the while.¡§¥Ü¥Ç¥£¥¬¡¼¥É¤Ï¤½¤Î´Ö¤¸¤å¤¦Èà¤ò¸«Ä¥¤Ã¤Æ¤¤¤ë.
steer¡§¤òÁà½Ä¤¹¤ë, ¡Ä¤ÎÂɤò¤È¤ë
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at bay¡§keep A at bay A¡ÒŨŽ¥¤¤¤ä¤Ê¿ÍŽ¥Éµ¤¤Ê¤É¡Ó¤ò´ó¤»¤Ä¤±¤Ê¤¤, A¤Ë±Æ¶Á¤µ¤ì¤Ê¤¤.

If a company goes against its policies, Beijing isn't too concerned because it can always intercede should the need arise to prevent bankruptcy or layoffs from jeopardizing the stability it prizes. If, however, a company comes to dominate a certain sector, China's central government starts to worry. A firm that strong, after all, is harder to control with the same old incentives and could brush up against or even break the bounds that Beijing has set for businesses operating in the country. And if left unchecked, it could gain enough financial clout to challenge the current political system. 

intercede¡§¤È¤ê¤Ê¤·¤ò¤¹¤ë
prizes¡§¤¬¹â¤¯É¾²Á¤µ¤ì¤ë, ½Å¤ó¤¸¤é¤ì¤ë
bounds¡§¸Â³¦, À©¸ÂÈÏ°Ï, ºÝ¸Â(limit)

As China's tech giants have become more powerful, the variable interest entity model has come under greater scrutiny. The system has been a point of contention for China's leaders since Sina first used it back in 2000, but closing the loophole behind it is easier said than done. Because so many of China's most lucrative companies rely on the Sina model, cracking down on its use would invite serious social and economic repercussions. In fact, nearly three years after China's Finance Ministry proposed legislation to ban the practice for new companies, Beijing has instead opened up more sectors to direct foreign investment. 

scrutiny¡§´Æ»ë
contention¡§ÏÀÁè
repercussions¡§°­±Æ¶Á

The Ties That Bind
But the failed legislation is only one part of Beijing's efforts to reassert control over the tech sector. China has also tried to give the Communist Party a stronger role in private business. As it is, every Chinese company with more than 50 employees is required to have a Communist Party secretary, and many executives in the country's biggest tech firms have established themselves in China's political sphere as well. (To be fair, though, several of China's most prominent entrepreneurs reached the top of their industries because of their political connections.) 

Baidu, Tencent and consumer electronics company Xiaomi Inc., for example, all have members of parliament among their employees. Furthermore, a growing number of private Chinese companies are drafting their charters to give the Party a formal role in their operations. Beijing has created a system in which Chinese firms have a vested interest in the Communist Party's future. 

Besides politics, several tech companies are also heavily involved in the country's military and strategic industries. Baidu, for instance, has a long-standing relationship with China's security, intelligence and military apparatuses. These companies understand that going against the Chinese government's wishes would jeopardize their business ties with Beijing, while also potentially getting them blacklisted on the domestic market, depriving them of valuable contracts and putting their executives in legal trouble. 

depriving¡§Ã¥¤¦

Even so, outside the country, many Chinese companies are trying to distance themselves from the government. As the country's foreign technology investments draw scrutiny from Western governments, many private firms are trying to downplay their connections to Beijing. The companies will try to keep the central government at arm's length, at least in their activities overseas, as they look for new opportunities to increase their market share abroad. 

downplay¡§¤ò¹µ¤¨¤á¤Ë¸À¤¦[»×¤ï¤»¤ë]; ¡Ä¤ò²á¾¯É¾²Á¤¹¤ë(play A down).
at arm's length¡§°ìÄê¤Îµ÷Î¥¤ò¤ª¤¤¤Æ, ¶á¤Å¤±¤Ê¤¤¤Ç

The tech sector's success is a double-edged sword for Beijing. On the one hand, its companies' continued competitiveness is crucial to the country's economic growth. On the other, the stronger the firms become, the greater their threat to the Communist Party's authority will be. Beijing's interests align with those of the tech sector for the time being, but that won't always be the case. Between now and then, the central government will need to find a way to reconcile its need to control private industry with its need for innovation in technology. 

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Between now and then¡§º£¸å¤½¤ì¤Þ¤Ç¤Ï

Matthew Bey is an energy and technology analyst for Stratfor, where he monitors a variety of global issues and trends. In particular, he focuses on energy and political developments in OPEC member states and the consequences of such developments on oil producers and the international oil market. Mr. Bey's work includes studies on the global impact of rising U.S. energy production, the recent fall in oil prices, Russia's political influence on Europe through energy, and long-term trends in energy and manufacturing. 

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Independents stampede into Mexico¡Çs presidential election
Non-party candidates will make next year¡Çs vote more complicated
Oct 26th 2017 | MEXICO CITY

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THE split was years in the making. On October 6th Margarita Zavala (pictured), the former first lady of Mexico, resigned from her conservative National Action Party (PAN). She had long hoped to be its nominee for president in elections to be held next July. But the head of the party, Ricardo Anaya, has formed a ¡ÈCitizens¡Ç Front¡É alliance with two smaller parties, and looks set to win the group's nomination himself. So Ms Zavala has done something that was never possible before in a Mexican presidential race. She registered as an independent candidate. She was not alone: 85 other independent aspirants had signed up by the deadline on October 14th. 

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The contest to succeed President Enrique Pena Nieto is the fourth since Mexico¡Çs democratic era began in 2000. But it will be the first presidential race since the country began allowing candidates to seek office without the backing of a political party. That is the result of a binding ruling by the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, which found that the ban infringed on the right to participate in government. Last year nine independent mayors won election. In 2015 Jaime Rodriguez Calderon (better known as ¡ÈEl Bronco¡É) ran as an independent to be governor of Nuevo Leon, Mexico¡Çs third-richest state, and won. Now he will run for president. 

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Mexicans¡Ç anger at conventional politicians is helping to open the door to independents. Just 6% of Mexicans are satisfied with the way their democracy is working, the lowest level among 36 countries around the world, according to a recent survey by the Pew Research Centre. Next year they will have plenty of candidates to choose from. 

Maria de Jesus Patricio Martinez, known as ¡ÈMarichuy¡É, will be the first indigenous Mexican to run for president since Benito Juarez in the mid-19th century. Armando Rios Piter, a technocratic senator from the southern state of Guerrero, is seen by some as a Mexican answer to Emmanuel Macron, the centrist who won France¡Çs presidential election just a year after founding his own party. 

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Even Mexico¡Çs established parties are trying to show an independent streak. The Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) of Mr Pena changed its policies to allow a non-member to be the its presidential candidate. This frees the unpopular president to anoint the finance minister, Jose Antonio Meade, as the PRI¡Çs standard-bearer. 

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Not all independents who want to run will be able to. In order to receive public funding for their campaigns, they must collect signatures from 1% of the electorate—both nationwide (meaning nearly 900,000 people) and in at least 17 separate states—by February 12th. All but a few will probably fall short, says Jorge Castaneda, whose attempt to run as an independent in 2006 was blocked in the courts and led to the adoption of the current law. Candidates with support concentrated in a few regions, like Mr Rios Piter and Marichuy, will have difficulty passing the 17-state threshold. Ms Zavala, whose husband, Felipe Calderon, was president from 2006 to 2012, has the advantage of being well known across Mexico. 

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all but a few of¡§°ìÉô¤Î¡Á¤ò½ü¤±¤Ð
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Andres Manuel Lopez Obrador, a left-wing populist who is the early front-runner in presidential election, fears the independents will mainly hurt him. On October 12th he called El Bronco a Trojan horse sent by the PRI, to which Mr Rodriguez belonged until 2014. The independents, Mr Lopez Obrador explained, ¡Èare actually part of the same mafia of power¡É as the establishment that his party, Morena, rails against. But he is not the only candidate at risk. Ms Zavala, who is backed by 16% of voters, according to a poll published on October 15th by El Financiero, a newspaper, seems to be taking votes from Mr Anaya¡Çs Citizens¡Ç Front.

rail against the government¡§À¯Éܤò¸·¤·¤¯ÈóÆñ¤¹¤ë

Independents who do get on the ballot may be tempted to drop out and endorse a party candidate in exchange for a cabinet post. Voters wanting to back the eventual winner may rally around the two front-runners late in the race. And there is plenty of time for Ms Zavala and Mr Anaya to make peace before votes are cast. 

In an election with lots of contenders and no second round, the winner could triumph with less than 30% of the vote. Such a weak mandate would hardly equip the next administration to scale up the fight against corruption that all candidates vow to deliver. Voters may be spoilt for choice, but too much choice can be a spoiler. 

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The first data from a repository of living human brain cells
Waste not, want not
Oct 26th 2017

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Waste not, want not.¡§ÌµÂ̤¬¤Ê¤±¤ì¤ÐÉÔ­¤â¤Ê¤¤



PROFITABLY recycling waste is always a good idea. And the Allen Institute for Brain Science, in Seattle, has found a way to recycle what is perhaps the most valuable waste of all—living human brain tissue. Understandably, few people are willing to donate parts of their brains to science while they are still alive. But, by collaborating with seven local neurosurgeons, the institute¡Çs chief scientist, Christof Koch, and his colleagues, have managed to round up specimens of healthy tissue removed by those surgeons in order to get to unhealthy parts beyond them, which needed surgical ministration. Normally, such tissue would be disposed of as waste. Instead, Dr Koch is making good use of it. 

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specimens¡§collect specimens of butterflies ¥Á¥ç¥¦¤ÎɸËܤò½¸¤á¤ë
ministration¡§Êô»Å¡¢±ç½õ

The repository the cells from these samples end up in is a part of a wider project, the Allen Cell Types Database. The first data from the newly collected human brain cells were released on October 25th. The Allen database, which is open for anyone to search, thus now includes information on the shape, electrical activity and gene activity of individual human neurons. The electrical data are from 300 live neurons of various types, taken from 36 people. The shapes (see picture for example) are from 100 of these neurons. The gene-expression data come from 16,000 neurons, though those cells are post-mortem samples. 

shape¡§What shape is the island? ¤½¤ÎÅç¤Ï¤É¤ó¤Ê·Á¤Ê¤Î¡§
electrical ¡§electrical wiring Åŵ¤ÇÛÀþ(¹©»ö)
postmortem¡§¸¡»ë¡¢»àÂβò˶

inRead invented by Teads
The human brain is the most complex object in the known universe. Because it is more complicated than animal brains in ways that (say) human livers are not more complicated than animal livers, using animal brains as analogues of human ones is never going to be satisfactory. Dr Koch¡Çs new database may therefore help explain what is special about human brains. That will assist understanding of brain diseases and disorders. It may also shed light on one of his particular interests, the nature of consciousness. 

livers¡§´Î¡
analogues¡§Áê»÷´ï´±
consciousness¡§°Õ¼±¡¡»×¹Í

Not, perhaps, by coincidence, this week has also seen a boost to the Allen Institute¡Çs finances. Although it is bankrolled to a large extent by its founder, Paul Allen, who was also a founder of Microsoft, other sources of dollars are always welcome. The American taxpayer is about to provide some, via the country¡Çs National Institutes of Health, in the form of three five-year grants with a total value of nearly $100m—including nearly $20m to create a ¡Èmultimodal atlas of human brain cell types¡É. Every little helps. 

bankrolled¡§¡Ò»ö¶È¤Ê¤É¡Ó¤Ë»ñ¶â±ç½õ¤ò¤¹¤ë(finance).
multimodal¡§Â¿ÍͤÊ
atlas¡§ÃÏ¿ÞÄ¢

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A tsar is born
As the world marks the centenary of the October Revolution, Russia is once again under the rule of the tsar
Oct 26th 2017

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centenary¡§100¼þǯµ­Ç°(º×)


SEVENTEEN years after Vladimir Putin first became president, his grip on Russia is stronger than ever. The West, which still sees Russia in post-Soviet terms, sometimes ranks him as his country¡Çs most powerful leader since Stalin. Russians are increasingly looking to an earlier period of history. Both liberal reformers and conservative traditionalists in Moscow are talking about Mr Putin as a 21st-century tsar. 

Mr Putin has earned that title by lifting his country out of what many Russians see as the chaos in the 1990s and by making it count again in the world. Yet as the centenary of the October revolution draws near, the uncomfortable thought has surfaced that Mr Putin shares the tsars¡Ç weaknesses, too. 

make it count¡§¡Ì¤·¤Ã¤«¤ê¼è¤êÁȤó¤Ç¡Í¡Ê¤½¤ì¤ò¡ËÍ­°ÕµÁ¤Ê¤â¤Î¤Ë¤¹¤ë

Although Mr Putin worries about the ¡Ècolour¡É revolutions that swept through the former Soviet Union, the greater threat is not of a mass uprising, still less of a Bolshevik revival. It is that, from spring 2018 when Mr Putin starts what is constitutionally his last six-year term in office after an election that he will surely win, speculation will begin about what comes next. And the fear will grow that, as with other Russian rulers, Tsar Vladimir will leave turbulence and upheaval in his wake. 

¡Ècolour¡É revolutions¡§2000ǯ¤´¤í¤«¤é¡¢Ã桦Å첤¤äÃæ±û¥¢¥¸¥¢¤Îµì¶¦»º·÷½ô¹ñ¤Çµ¯¤³¤Ã¤¿°ìÏ¢¤ÎÀ¯¸¢¸òÂå¤òÁíÂÎŪ¤Ë»Ø¤¹¡£¿§¤Î³×Ì¿¤Ç¤Ï¡¢ÉåÇÔ¤¬Ì¢±ä¤·¤¢¤ë¤¤¤ÏÆȺÛŪ¤Ç¤¢¤ëÀ¯¸¢¤ËΩ¤Á¸þ¤«¤Ã¤¿ºÝ¡¢¤Þ¤¿¤Ï̱¼ç¼çµÁ¤ä̱²¼«·è¤òµá¤á¤¿ºÝ¤Ë¡¢¤½¤Î¤Û¤È¤ó¤É¤ÇÈó˽ÎÏŪ³èÆ°¤¬¹Ô¤ï¤ì¡¢¤³¤ì¤é¤ÎÆ°¤­¤Ë¤ª¤¤¤Æ¤Ï¤½¤Î¾Ýħ¤È¤·¤Æ¿§¤ä²Ö¤¬Åö¤Æ¤Ï¤á¤é¤ì¤¿¡£Èó˽ÎÏÄñ¹³¤ò¼Â¹Ô¤¹¤ë¤È¤¤¤¦ÅÀ¤Ë¤ª¤¤¤ÆÈóÀ¯ÉÜÁÈ¿¥ (NGO) ¤ä¡¢¤È¤¯¤Ë³ØÀ¸±¿Æ°¤¬½ÅÍפÊÌò³ä¤ò²Ì¤¿¤·¤¿¤³¤È¤¬ÆÃÉ®¤µ¤ì¤ë¡£¤³¤ì¤é¤ÎÆ°¤­¤È¤·¤Æµó¤²¤é¤ì¤ë¤Î¤Ï¡¢¥æ¡¼¥´¥¹¥é¥ô¥£¥¢¡¢¤È¤¯¤Ë2000ǯ¤Î¥»¥ë¥Ó¥¢¤Ë¤ª¤±¤ë¥Ö¥ë¥É¡¼¥¶¡¼³×Ì¿¤ä¡¢2003ǯ¥°¥ë¥¸¥¢¤Î¥Ð¥é³×Ì¿¡¢2004ǯ¥¦¥¯¥é¥¤¥Ê¤Î¥ª¥ì¥ó¥¸³×Ì¿¡¢¤½¤·¤Æ˽ÎϤ¬Â¿¤¯ÍѤ¤¤é¤ì¤¿¤¬¡¢2005ǯ¥­¥ë¥®¥¹¤Î¥Á¥å¡¼¥ê¥Ã¥×³×Ì¿¤¬¤¢¤ë¡£¤¤¤º¤ì¤âÌäÂê¤È¤µ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤¿Áªµó¤Î·ë²Ì¤ò¼õ¤±¤ÆÂç·²½°¤¬³¹Æ¬¤Ç¹³µÄ¹ÔÆ°¤ò¼Â»Ü¤·¡¢È¿ÂÎÀ©Çɤ«¤éÆȺۼԤȤµ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤¿¤½¤ì¤¾¤ì¤Î¹ñ¤Î»ØƳ¼Ô¤Î¼­Ç¤¤äÂÇÅݤˤĤʤ¬¤Ã¤¿¡£
turbulence¡§(¼Ò²ñŪ)Æ°Íð, ÁûÍð.
upheaval¡§(¼Ò²ñŽ¥À¯¼£¤Ê¤É¤Î)ÂçÊÑÆ°, ·ãÊÑ, ·ãÆ°.
 in A's [one's] wake¡§A¤ÎÄ̤俸å¤Ë; A¤Ë¤Ê¤é¤Ã¤Æ, ³¤¤¤Æ; A¡Ò½ÐÍè»ö¤Ê¤É¡Ó¤Î·ë²Ì¤È¤·¤Æ[¤Ë¤è¤Ã¤Æ]

Firm rule
Mr Putin is hardly the world¡Çs only autocrat. Personalised authoritarian rule has spread across the world over the past 15 years—often, as with Mr Putin, built on the fragile base of a manipulated, winner-takes-all democracy. It is a rebuke to the liberal triumphalism which followed the collapse of the Soviet Union. Leaders such as Recep Tayyip Erdogan of Turkey, the late Hugo Chavez of Venezuela and even Narendra Modi, India¡Çs prime minister, have behaved as if they enjoy a special authority derived directly from the popular will. In China Xi Jinping this week formalised his absolute command of the Communist Party. 

autocrat¡§ÆȺۼÔ
rebuke¡§¡Ò¿Í¡Ó¤ò¶¯¤¯ÈóÆñ[𠮟ÀÕ]¤¹¤ë
triumphalism¡§¡Ò·ÚÊÎŪ¡Ó¾¡¤Á¸Ø¤Ã¤¿ÂÖÅÙ¡¡¾¡Íø¼çµÁ¢¡ÆÃÄê¤Î½¡¶µÅª¡¦À¯¼£Åª¤Ê¶µµÁ¤ä¿®¾ò¤òÀäÂл뤹¤ë¤³¤È¡£
derived¡§derive great pleasure from working Ư¤¯¤³¤È¤ÇÂ礭¤Ê´î¤Ó¤òÆÀ¤ë.
command¡§(½¸ÃĤÎ)»Ø´ø(¸¢), ÅýΨ; (¾õ¶·¤Ê¤É¤Î)¾¸°®, »ÙÇÛ

Mr Putin¡Çs brand of authoritarianism blazed the trail. It evokes Russia¡Çs imperial history (see Briefing), offering a vivid picture of how power works and how it might go wrong. Like a tsar, Mr Putin surmounts a pyramid of patronage. Since he moved against the oligarchs in 2001, taking control first of the media and then of the oil and gas giants, all access to power and money has been through him. These days the boyars serve at his pleasure, just as those beneath them serve at their pleasure and so on all the way down. He wraps his power in legal procedure, but everyone knows that the prosecutors and courts answer to him. He enjoys an approval rating of over 80% partly because he has persuaded Russians that, as an aide says, ¡ÈIf there is no Putin, there is no Russia.¡É 

blaze the trail¡§¿·¤·¤¤¡Î²è´üŪ¤Ê¡Ï¤³¤È¤ò¤¹¤ë¡¢¿·¶­ÃϤò³«Â󤹤ë
evokes¡§The letter evoked memories of his youth. ¤½¤Î¼ê»æ¤ÏÈà¤Î¿´¤Ë¼ã¤«¤ê¤·¤³¤í¤Îµ­²±¤ò¸Æ¤Ó¤µ¤Þ¤·¤¿.
surmounts¡§¤Î¾å¤Ë¤½¤Ó¤¨¤ë.
patronage¡§(ÁÈ¿¥Ž¥»ö¶ÈŽ¥·Ý½Ñ¤Ê¤É¤Î)¸å±ç, (ºâÀ¯)»Ù±ç.
boyars¡§a member of the old aristocracy in Russia, next in rank to a prince.
all the way down¡§Ã¼¤«¤éü¤Þ¤Ç
prosecutors¡§¸¡»ö

Like a tsar, too, he has faced the question that has plagued Russia¡Çs rulers since Peter the Great—and which acutely confronted Alexander III and Nicholas II in the run-up to the revolution. Should Russia modernise by following the Western path towards civil rights and representative government, or should it try to lock in stability by holding fast against them? Mr Putin¡Çs answer has been to entrust the economy to liberal-minded technocrats and politics to former KGB officers. 

plagued¡§¡Ú¤·¤Ä¤³¤¤¼ÁÌ䎥Í×µá¤Ê¤É¤Ç¡Û¡Ò¿Í¡Ó¤òº¤¤é¤»¤ë
acutely¡§¶¯¤¯, ·ã¤·¤¯, ¤Ò¤É¤¯, Èó¾ï¤Ë
In Japan, there is a traditional abhorrence of openly confronting sensitive issues. : ÆüËܤˤÏÅÁÅýŪ¤Ë¡¢¥Ç¥ê¥±¡¼¥È¤ÊÌäÂê¤ËÀµÌ̤«¤é¤Ö¤Ä¤«¤ë¤³¤È¤ò·ù¤¦µ¤É÷¤¬¤¢¤ë¡£
run-up¡§¡ÌľÁ°¤Î¡Í½àÈ÷´ü´Ö¡ÎÃʳ¬¡Ï
fast¡§hold fast on ¡Á¤ò¸Ç¼é¤¹¤ë
entrust¡§entrust one's car to a friend¢âentrust a friend with one's car ͧ¿Í¤Ë¼Ö¤òͤ±¤ë.

Inevitably, politics has dominated economics and Russia is paying the price. However well administered during sanctions and a rouble devaluation, the economy still depends too heavily on natural resources. It can manage annual GDP growth of only around 2%, a far cry from 2000-08, which achieved an oil-fired 5-10%. In the long run, this will cramp Russia¡Çs ambitions. 

Inevitably¡§Inevitably, elderly people are more prone to illness than young people. ÅöÁ³, ¹âÎð¼Ô¤Ï¼ãǯ¼Ô¤è¤ê¤âɵ¤¤Ë¤«¤«¤ê¤ä¤¹¤¤
pay the price of discipline¡§»îÎý¤È¤¤¤¦µ¾À·¤òʧ¤¦
far cry¡§far cry from what someone expected¡Ê¿Í¡Ë¤Î´üÂԤȤϷü¤±Î¥¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë
oil-fired plant¡§ÀÐÌý²ÐÎÏȯÅŽê
cramp¡§¡Òȯ㎥À®Ä¹Ž¥µ¡²ñ¤Ê¤É¡Ó¤ò˸¤²¤ë.

And like a tsar, Mr Putin has buttressed his power through repression and military conflict. At home, in the name of stability, tradition and the Orthodox religion, he has suppressed political opposition and social liberals, including feminists, NGOs and gays. Abroad, his annexation of Crimea and the campaigns in Syria and Ukraine have been burnished for the evening news by a captive, triumphalist media. However justified, the West¡Çs outrage at his actions underlined to Russians how Mr Putin was once again asserting their country¡Çs strength after the humiliations of the 1990s. 

buttressed¡§¡Ò¼çÄ¥¤Ê¤É¡Ó¤ò¶¯²½[»Ù»ý]¤¹¤ë; (·ÐºÑŪ¤Ë)¡Ò¿ÍŽ¥À©Å٤ʤɡӤò»Ù¤¨¤ë
repression¡§(˽ư¤Ê¤É¤Î)Äðµ.
armed [military] conflict¡§ÉðÎÏ[·³»ö]¾×ÆÍ
the feminist movement¡§½÷À­²òÊü±¿Æ°.
burnished¡§¡Ò¥¤¥á¡¼¥¸¤Ê¤É¡Ó¤ò¤è¤¯¤¹¤ë.
captive¡§ÁªÂò¤Î¼«Í³¤Î¤Ê¤¤¡Ò¾ÃÈñ¼Ô¤Ê¤É¡Ó.
triumphalist¡§in a triumphalist mood ¾¡¤Á¸Ø¤Ã¤¿µ¤Ê¬¤Ç
justified¡§ÀµÅö¤ÊÍýͳ[º¬µò]¤¬¤¢¤Ã¤Æ
outrage¡§ ·ãÅÜ, Ê°·ã
humiliations¡§¶þ¿«, ÃѤò¤«¤¯[¤«¤«¤»¤ë]¤³¤È.

What does this post-modern tsar mean for the world? One lesson is about the Russian threat. Since the interference in Ukraine, the West has worried about Russian revanchism elsewhere, especially in the Baltic states. But Mr Putin cannot afford large numbers of casualties without also losing legitimacy, as happened to Nicholas II in the Russo-Japanese war of 1904-05 and in the first world war. 

revanchism¡§(³°¸ò¾å¤Î)¼ºÃÏÃ¥²óÀ¯ºö[¼çµÁ], ÊóÉü(¼çµÁ).

Because today¡Çs tsar knows history, he is likely to be opportunistic abroad, shadowboxing rather than risking a genuine confrontation. The situation at home is different. In his time in power Mr Putin has shown little appetite for harsh repression. But Russia¡Çs record of terrible suffering suggests that, whereas dithering undermines the ruler¡Çs legitimacy, mass repression can strengthen it—at least for a time. The Russian people still have something to fear. 

dithering ¡§Æ°ÍÉ, ¤¦¤í¤¿¤¨

Mother Russia¡Çs offspring
The other lesson is about succession. The October revolution is just the most extreme recent case of power in Russia passing from ruler to ruler through a time of troubles. Mr Putin cannot arrange his succession using his bloodline or the Communist Party apparatus. Perhaps he will anoint a successor. But he would need someone weak enough for him to control and strong enough to see off rivals—an unlikely combination. Perhaps he will try to cling to power, as Deng Xiaoping did behind the scenes as head of the China Bridge Association, and Mr Xi may intend to overtly, having conspicuously avoided naming a successor after this week¡Çs party congress. 

offspring¡§King Hussein's offspring ¥Õ¥»¥¤¥ó²¦¤Î»Ò¶¡¤¿¤Á
apparatus¡§a state security apparatus ¹ñ²È°ÂÁ´Êݾ㵡´Ø.
anoint¡§»Ø̾¤¹¤ë
see off¡§¤ä¤Ã¤Ä¤±¤ë
overtly¡§¤Ï¤Ã¤­¤ê, ¸øÁ³¤È.

Yet, even if Mr Putin became the eminence grise of the Russian Judo Federation, it would only delay the fatal moment. Without the mechanism of a real democracy to legitimise someone new, the next ruler is likely to emerge from a power struggle that could start to tear Russia apart. In a state with nuclear weapons, that is alarming. 

eminence grise¡§¹õËë
alarming¡§This is very alarming. ¤³¤ì¤Ï¤¿¤À¤´¤È¤Ç¤Ï¤Ê¤¤¤¾¡£¡¿É÷±ÀµÞ¤ò¹ð¤²¤ë¡£

The stronger Mr Putin is today, the harder he will find it to manage his succession. As the world tries to live with that paradox, it should remember that nothing is set in stone. A century ago the Bolshevik revolution was seen as an endorsement of Marx¡Çs determinism. In the event, it proved that nothing is certain and that history has its own tragic irony. 

paradox¡§Ì·½â(¤·¤¿¾õÂÖ[¹Ô°Ù, ¸ÀÍÕ])
set in stone¡§ÉÔÊѤǤ¢¤ë
endorsement¡§»Ù»ý, ¾µÇ§
determinism¡§·èÄêÏÀ
in the event¡§·ë¶É¡Ì¡Á¤È¤¤¤¦Í½ÁۤȤϰۤʤë·ë²Ì¤Ë¤Ê¤Ã¤¿¡Í
tragic irony¡§Èá·àŪ¥¢¥¤¥í¥Ë¡¼〘Åоì¿Íʪ¤ÎÈá·àŪ±¿Ì¿¤ò´ÑµÒ¤¬ÃΤäƤ¤¤ë¤³¤È¤Ë¤è¤Ã¤ÆÀ¸¤¸¤ë±é·àŪ¸ú²Ì〙.

¥×¡¼¥Á¥ó¤¬¹ÄÄë¤À¤È¤¤¤¦¤³¤È¤Ç¡¢¤¿¤·¤«¤Ë¡¢100ǯ¤Ö¤ê¤ÎÂçʪ¤¬¸½¤ì¤¿¤È¤¤¤¦¤³¤È¤Ç¤¹¤Í¡£¸å·Ñ¼Ô¤â»ØÄꤷ¤Æ¤¤¤Ê¤¤¤È¤³¤í¤Ï½¬¶áÊ¿¤È°ì½ï¤Ç¤¹¡£¥í¥·¥¢¤Ï¤Þ¤ÀGDP¤¬Â礷¤¿¤³¤È¤Ï¤Ê¤¤¤Î¤Ç¤¹¤¬¡¢¤ä¤Ï¤ê¡¢Èà¤Ï°ïºà¤Ç¤¹¡£¥¦¥¯¥é¥¤¥Ê¡¢¥¯¥ê¥ß¥¢¡¢¥·¥ê¥¢¤È¥¯¥ê¡¼¥ó¥Ò¥Ã¥È¤òÂǤäƤ¤¤Þ¤¹¡£¹ñÆâ¤âÈ¿ÂÐÀªÎϤϤ¢¤ë¤Î¤Ç¤¹¤¬¡¢ÃÆ°µ¤Ï¤·¤Æ¤¤¤Ê¤¤¡£¤½¤Î¤¦¤Á¤¹¤ë¤«¤â¤·¤ì¤Ê¤¤¤¬¡£

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swingby_blog at 08:40¨¢¥³¥á¥ó¥È(0) 

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Why Boko Haram uses female suicide-bombers
They used to arouse less suspicion, though that may be changing
Oct 23rd 2017by R.S. | LAGOS

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BOKO HARAM has used more female suicide-bombers than any other terrorist group in history. Of the 434 bombers the group deployed between April 2011 and June 2017, 244 have been definitely identified as female. More may have been. The Tamil Tigers, the previous holders of the gruesome record, used 44 over a decade, according to a study by Jason Warner and Hilary Matfess for the Combating Terrorism Center at West Point, an American military college. Boko Haram, whose insurgency has killed more than 30,000 in north-east Nigeria and neighbouring countries since 2011 and displaced 2.1m, is also the first group to use a majority of female bombers. 

Nigeria¡Çs government likes to say that Boko Haram has been ¡Ètechnically defeated¡É. It split into two factions last year, after Islamic State (IS) declared a preference for a more moderate leader, Abu Musab al-Barnawi, over Abubakar Shekau. The latter¡Çs tactics include using suicide-bombers to blow up mosques and markets, inevitably killing fellow Muslims. (Some analysts dispute the idea of factions, arguing that Boko Haram has always been made up of different cells.) The group is far from vanquished, even though it has been forced out of towns since Muhammadu Buhari, a former military dictator, reclaimed the presidency in 2015. 

vanquished¡§¡ÒŨ¤Ê¤É¡Ó¤òÀ¬Éþ¤¹¤ë, ÂǤÁÇˤë

In July the branch affiliated to IS killed 69 members of an oil-exploration team. Indeed the group¡Çs suicide-bombings have been especially lethal this year, after a relative lull in 2016. During a period of just over seven weeks from June 1st they killed at least 170 people, according to Reuters, a news agency. The jihadists are sending more children to their death too: the UN has counted 83 used as human bombs this year, four times the total for 2016. Two-thirds of them were girls. 

lull¡§°ì»þŪ¤ÊµÙ»ß[ÅÓÀÚ¤ì], ¾®¹¯¾õÂÖ 

The suicide-bombers sent by Boko Haram are, however, less lethal than those used by other groups, say Mr Warner and Ms Matfess. This is partly because around a fifth detonate their explosives when confronted by soldiers, killing only themselves. Yet still the group sends attackers to Maiduguri, the city where the insurgency began, to target the university, markets and camps for the displaced. It is no coincidence that its use of female bombers rose sharply after the kidnapping of the 276 ¡ÈChibok Girls¡É from their school in April 2014. 

lethal¡§»à¤ò°ú¤­µ¯¤³¤¹, »à¤Ë»ê¤ë, Ã×̿Ū¤Ê

Boko Haram realised the propaganda value of women: the use of supposed innocents as lethal weapons has a powerful shock factor. They arouse less suspicion (at least they did when the tactic was first deployed, if no longer) and can more easily hide bombs underneath voluminous hijab. And by sending women to blow themselves up, Boko Haram also saves its male fighters for more conventional guerrilla-style attacks.

voluminous¡§¡Ò°áÉþ¤¬¡Ó¤æ¤Ã¤¿¤ê¤·¤¿, ¤À¤Ö¤À¤Ö¤Î.

Some of the women may by willing, if brainwashed, jihadists. Many, though, are believed to be coerced into strapping on bombs. One did so with a baby on her back. Some may see it as a way out of an abusive life as one of Boko Haram¡Çs ¡Èwives¡É, plenty of whom are raped by their ¡Èhusbands¡É. Those who give themselves up before detonating their bombs often face a lifetime of stigma, as families and communities prove unwilling to take them back. So whether the women kill anyone or not, Boko Haram sows fear and division, exactly as it intends. 

abusive¡§abusive parents µÔÂÔ¤¹¤ë¿Æ.
stigma¡§ÉÔ̾ÍÀ, ±ø̾, ÃÑ¿«
sows¡§sow doubt in his mind Èà¤Î¿´¤ËÉÔ¿®´¶¤ò²êÀ¸¤¨¤µ¤»¤ë.

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It is now practical to refuel electric vehicles through thin air
Electromagnetic induction gets rid of cables
Oct 28th 2017

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A WISE driver keeps an eye on the fuel gauge, to make timely stops at filling stations. For drivers of electric cars, though, those stations are few and far between. The infrastructure needed for refilling batteries has yet to be developed, and the technology which that infrastructure will use is still up for grabs. Most electric cars are fitted with plugs. But plugs and their associated cables and charging points bring problems. The cables are trip hazards. The charging points add to street clutter. And the copper wire involved is an invitation to thieves. Many engineers would therefore like to develop a second way of charging electric vehicles—one that is wireless and can thus be buried underground. 

grabs¡§A is up for grabs. (´õ˾¼Ô¤Ê¤éï¤Ç¤â)A¡Ò»Å»öŽ¥¾ÞŽ¥¥Á¥ã¥ó¥¹¤Ê¤É¡Ó¤¬¼ê¤ËÆþ¤ë, Æþ¼ê²Äǽ¤Ç¤¢¤ë.
fitted¡§ ¢ã¡Ä¤Î¢ä ÉÕ¤¤¤¿(out)
tripping hazard¡§¤Ä¤Þ¤º¤¯´í¸±
street clutter¡§»¶Íðʪ

Electrical induction, the underlying principle behind wireless charging, was discovered by Michael Faraday in 1831, and is widely used in things such as electric motors and generators. Faraday observed that moving a conductor through a magnetic field induced a current in that conductor. Subsequent investigations showed that this also works if the conductor is stationary and the magnetic field is moving. Since electric currents generate magnetic fields, and if the current alternates so does the field, an alternating current creates a field that is continuously moving. This means that running such a current through a conductor will induce a similar current in another, nearby, conductor. That induced current can then be used for whatever purpose an engineer chooses. 

conductor¡§ÅÁƳÂÎ
current¡§ÅÅή(electric current)
stationary¡§I remained stationary from fear. »ä¤Ï¶²¤í¤·¤¯¤Æ¤¸¤Ã¤È¤·¤Æ¤¤¤¿

In the case of vehicle charging, the first conductor is a length of copper wire. This is coiled around a piece of ferrite (a substance made of oxides of iron and other metals) that amplifies the magnetic field generated. The whole thing is housed in a flat case to create a pad that is easily buried. When a vehicle equipped with a suitable ¡Èpickup¡É coil stops or parks above this device, and alternating current is fed into the pad, a similar current is induced in the pickup. This is then converted into direct current by a rectifier, and is used to top up the vehicle¡Çs battery. The principle is thus pretty simple. But only in recent years has it become practical to use in vehicles. 

ferrite¡§°ìÈ̤˻À²½Å´¡Ê­·¡Ë¤ò°ìÀ®Ê¬¤È¤¹¤ëÊ£¹ç»À²½Êª¤ª¤è¤Ó¤½¤ÎͶƳÂΡ£¹â¼þÇÈÍÑÊÑ°µ´ï¡¦¥Ô¥Ã¥¯-¥¢¥Ã¥×¡¦¥Æ¡¼¥×-¥ì¥³¡¼¥À¡¼¤Î¼§µ¤¥Ø¥Ã¥É¤Ê¤É¤Ë¹­¤¯ÍѤ¤¤é¤ì¤ë¡£
pad¡§´Ë¾×ºà
fed¡§feed coins into a pay phone ¸ø½°ÅÅÏä˥³¥¤¥ó¤òÆþ¤ì¤ë
pickup¡§Åŵ¤¿®¹æ¤ËÊÑ´¹¤¹¤ëÁõÃÖ
rectifier¡§À°Î®´ï

Leading the recharge
For wireless charging to work, a car must necessarily be fitted with a pickup. At the moment, this is a do-it-yourself business. Evatran, a Virginian firm, for example, sells kits of pickup and pad for between $2,500 and $4,000, installation included. According to Rebecca Hough, the firm¡Çs boss, about 11% of the input power is lost during wireless charging with Evatran¡Çs equipment. But plugging in a cord charger, she says, involves similar losses. The absence in cord charging of the air gap involved in wireless charging means cord charging requires a special (and power-draining) transformer to protect against surges. 

air gap¡§¡ÔÅŵ¤¡Õ¶õ·ä ¤¹¤­¤Þ
aserge protector¡§〘ÅÅ〙¥µ¡¼¥¸¥×¥í¥Æ¥¯¥¿¡¼〘ÅÅ°µŽ¥ÅÅή¤ÎµÞÁý¤«¤éµ¡´ï¤òÊݸ¤ëÁõÃÖ〙.

Evatran is not alone in the DIY induction business. HEVO, a company based in New York, will install a pickup for $3,000. HEVO also wants to take charging out of the home garage, by building networks of pads in cities. These, it intends, will be reserved and rented by drivers using their mobile phones. 

If wireless charging is to become more than a bespoke curiosity, though, vehicle manufacturers will have to get involved as well. This is starting to happen. Evatran says that, next year, at least two carmakers will start fitting its pickups to their products as they are being assembled. WiTricity, a firm in Massachusetts that, like Evatran, designs both pickups and pads, has licensed its pickup design to Toyota, and also to two car-components companies, TDK of Japan and Delphi of Britain. Other carmakers, including Audi, BMW, Daimler, Ford, Jaguar, Mercedes-Benz and Volvo, are likewise expected to launch remote-charging-ready vehicles soon. 

bespoke¡§¤¢¤Ä¤é¤¨¤Î, Ãíʸºî¤ê¤Î¡Ò·¤Ž¥ÉþŽ¥¥½¥Õ¥È¥¦¥§¥¢¤Ê¤É¡Ó
curiosity¡§ÄÁ¤·¤¤Êª[»ö, ¿Í], ¹üÆ¡ÉÊ, ´õ¾¯ÉÊ

Nor are cars the only vehicles for which wireless charging beckons. Also next year, WAVE, a firm in Utah, plans to install a much more powerful version of the technology at the port of Los Angeles, for a monster vehicle (its tyres are higher than a tall man) which grabs, moves and stacks loaded containers. This will bypass one of the port¡Çs more arcane practices since, at the moment, the International Longshore and Warehouse Union permits only electricians to plug in the cords of electric vehicles at the port, which makes operating such vehicles there remarkably expensive. 

beckons¡§µ¯¤³¤ê¤½¤¦¤Ç¤¢¤ë ¢ãfor¢ä .
arcane¡§Ææ¤á¤¤¤¿; ÉԲIJò¤Ê.

And wireless charging is especially promising for buses, says Andrew Daga, the boss of Momentum Dynamics, a firm in Pennsylvania that sells more of its charging units for buses than for cars. A big obstacle to the uptake of electric buses is the need to take them out of service for part of the day to recharge them. If, thanks to wireless charging, such a bus can sip enough power en route to keep it chugging along until it can be given a charge overnight, it can at last, he says, compete with the diesel sort.

uptake¡§µÛ¼ý(ÎÌ), Àݼè(ÎÌ)(intake).
chugging¡§¡Òµ¥¼Ö¤Ê¤É¤¬¡Ó¥Ý¥Ã¥Ý¥Ã¤È²»¤òΩ¤Æ¤ë[Ω¤Æ¤Æ¿Ê¤à](away, along).

One place where this is already happening is Milton Keynes, a town north-west of London. The Line 7 route in this town is serviced by electric buses that pause for two to four minutes over charging pads at each end of the line. Both pads have four buried coils, which can transfer power at a rate of 120 kilowatts. (By comparison, Evatran¡Çs latest single-coil charger for cars provides 7.2 kilowatts.) That is enough for the buses to remain in service for 16 hours a day. 

The equipment used in Milton Keynes, which is made by IPT Technology, a German firm, costs about ¡ò100,000 ($130,000) a pad. But the buses¡Ç operator, eFIS, calculates that one of their vehicles costs 50 cents a kilometre less to run than a diesel one, thanks to savings on fuel and engine repair. Collectively, Line 7¡Çs eight electric buses drive 700,000km a year. According to John Miles, eFIS¡Çs boss, the firm expects to start servicing a second route in Milton Keynes soon, adding two more charging pads and 11 electric buses to the town¡Çs public-transport network. Wirelessly charged buses also run in Mannheim, Germany, in Utrecht, in the Netherlands, and in the Italian cities of Genoa and Turin, as well as in Salt Lake City and the Californian cities of Lancaster, Long Beach, Monterey, Palmdale and Walnut Creek. Los Angeles is expected to join the list next year. 

A moving experience
All of these efforts, though, still depend on a vehicle stopping when it needs to recharge. In that sense, wireless charging is no different from the plug-in variety. But things do not have to be that way. For induction to work, the vehicle does not need to be stationary. The next step will be charging vehicles on the move. Preliminary trials have started. 

One such is at a 100-metre electrified test track in Versailles, near Paris. This test, run by VEDECOM, a government transport-research institute, should be finished next year, but initial results are promising. The batteries of two minivans travelling simultaneously along the track at more than 100kph can successfully absorb 20 kilowatts each. Qualcomm, the firm that makes the equipment being tested, known as Halo, says it has already licensed the technology involved to 13 car-parts firms. One market the firm thinks promising is electrifying taxi ranks. As Graeme Davison, who is in charge of marketing Halo, observes, ¡Èno taxi driver on God¡Çs earth¡É will keep getting out of his cab to swap charging flexes as the queue at the rank creeps forward. 

ranks¡§¥¿¥¯¥·¡¼¤ÎµÒÂÔ¤Á¾ì½ê(taxi rank).
on God¡Çs earth¡§Á´À¤³¦¤Ë¡¤Ãϵå¾å¤Ë
flexes¡§⦅±Ñ⦆(Åŵ¤)¥³¡¼¥É(⦅¼ç¤ËÊÆ⦆cord).
creep¡§¡Ò¼«Æ°¼Ö¤Ê¤É¤¬¡Ó¤æ¤Ã¤¯¤ê¿Ê¤à, ½ù¹Ô¤¹¤ë

Israel is also interested in charging vehicles on the move. Shay Soffer, the chief scientist at the country¡Çs transport ministry, has overseen the electrification of a short stretch of road in Tel Aviv, where tests will begin next year. He does not think electrifying roadways will be unworkably expensive. Oren Ezer of ElectRoad, the firm that converted the road in question, reckons a small crew, working three night shifts, could convert a kilometre of tarmac in this way. A lead vehicle would cut trenching into the existing surface and sweep up debris. A second, piled with electrical kit, would follow, with workers tucking the equipment into place in the trench as it travelled. A third would then fill the trench with fresh asphalt. 

in question¡§ÌäÂê¤Ë¤Ê¤Ã¤Æ¤¤¤ë
tarmac¡§¥¿¡¼¥Þ¥Ã¥¯¤ÇÊÞÁõ¤·¤¿Æ»Ï©
trenching¡§¡ÒȪ¤Ê¤É¡Ó¤ò·¡¤êÊÖ¤¹
tucking¡§He tucked the note into his pocket. Èà¤Ï¥á¥â¤ò¥Ý¥±¥Ã¥È¤Ë²¡¤·¹þ¤ó¤À.

Whether such on-the-fly charging actually will be practical is moot. But the stationary sort looks set for take-off. Though plugs in cars are unlikely to vanish, the power of induction seems here to stay. 

on-the-fly¡§ÂçµÞ¤®¤Ç
moot¡§µÄÏÀ¤Î;ÃϤΤ¢¤ë, ̤·èÄê¤Î.

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swingby_blog at 21:06¨¢¥³¥á¥ó¥È(0) 

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Xi Jinping¡Çs thinking is ranked alongside Mao¡Çs
Does this mean no one can challenge him?
Oct 24th 2017

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THE constitution of the Chinese Communist Party defines what it means to be a party member and lists the organisation¡Çs core beliefs. On October 24th a new principle was added to it: ¡ÈXi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era¡É—quite a mouthful. Xinhua, a government news agency, said the change was approved at the end of a weeklong party congress, an event that takes place every five years. 

THE constitution¡§Ãæ¹ñ¶¦»ºÅÞÂç²ñ¤Ï24Æü¡¢Åޤκǹ⵬§¤ËÅö¤¿¤ëÅÞµ¬Ìó¤Ë¡¢½¬¶áÊ¿Áí½ñµ­¡Ê¹ñ²È¼çÀʡˤÎ̾Á°¤ò´§¤·¤¿À¯¼£»×ÁÛ¡Ö½¬¶áÊ¿¤Î¿·»þÂå¤ÎÃæ¹ñ¤ÎÆÿ§¤¢¤ë¼Ò²ñ¼çµÁ»×ÁۡפòÀ¹¤ê¹þ¤à²þÀµ°Æ¤ò¾µÇ§¤·¡¢ÊÄË뤷¤¿¡£
mouthful¡§say a mouthful ¤¦¤Þ¤¤¤³¤È¤ò¸À¤¦.
Party leaders had been parroting the cumbersome phrase for several days since Mr Xi, who is the party¡Çs general secretary as well as president, first mentioned it (albeit without his own name attached) on the opening day of the gathering. Bill Bishop, an American China-watcher, says he writes it as XJPTSCCNE ¡Èto avoid getting carpal tunnel syndrome¡É. 

parroting¡§(°ÕÌ£¤òÍý²ò¤»¤º)¡Ò¿Í¤Î¸ÀÍդʤɡӤò¤Þ¤Í¤·¤Æ¸À¤¦; ¡Ä¤ò¥ª¥¦¥àÊÖ¤·¤Ë¸À¤¦.
cumbersome¡§¡Ò¸ÀÍÕŽ¥Ê¸¤Ê¤É¤¬¡ÓŤ¯¤ÆÊ£»¨¤Ê, ¤ä¤ä¤³¤·¤¤.
XJPTSCCNE¡§Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era
carpal tunnel syndrome¡§¼êº¬´É¾É¸õ·² ¼êº¬´É¡Ê秤ȿÀ·Ð¤¬Ä̤äƤ¤¤ë¼ê¼óÆâ¤Î´É¡Ë¤ÎÃæ¤òÁö¤ëÀµÃæ¿À·Ð¤¬²¿¤é¤«¤Î¸¶°ø¤Ç¼êº¬´ÉÆâ°µ¤¬¾å¤¬¤ê¡¢°µÇ÷¤µ¤ì¤Æ°ú¤­µ¯¤³¤µ¤ì¤ë¼À´µ·²¤Î¤³¤È¡£

Talk of theory and whether someone is named in a document might sound recondite. But this has huge implications because it invests Mr Xi with more power than any Chinese leader since Mao Zedong. He is the first living leader to be mentioned in the party¡Çs charter since Mao. Deng Xiaoping¡Çs name is also in the constitution but this was an honour accorded him only after he died in 1997. Mr Xi¡Çs two predecessors, Hu Jintao and Jiang Zemin, are not named.

recondite¡§À¤¤ËÃΤé¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤Ê¤¤. Æñ²ò¤Ê, ¿¼±ó¤Ê¡ÒÃμ±Ž¥¾ðÊóŽ¥»ö¼Â¤Ê¤É¡Ó
invests¡§be invested with the title of A¡¡A¤Î¾Î¹æ¤òÍ¿¤¨¤é¤ì¤ë.
accorded¡§No special treatment was accorded to both countries. ξ¹ñ¤È¤âÆÃÊÌ°·¤¤¤ò¼õ¤±¤ë¤³¤È¤Ï¤Ê¤«¤Ã¤¿

Moreover, Mr Xi¡Çs thinking uses the same term in Chinese (sixiang) as the one in Mao Zedong Thought. Deng in contrast contributed only a ¡Ètheory¡É (lilun), a less elevated term. No one can have more ideological authority than Mr Xi. The person has become the party in a way China has not seen since Mao. 

elevated¡§(Àµ¾ïÃͤè¤ê)¹â¤¤¡Ò¥ì¥Ù¥ëŽ¥ÎÌ¡Ó.

Mr Xi has made influential enemies during his first five years as party chief, notably the allies and clients of the hundreds of influential officials he has had arrested for corruption. He has also complained repeatedly that officials lower down the bureaucracy are stymying his orders. This could change, because to oppose him now would be regarded more than ever as opposition to the party itself. In principle, it could make decision-making in China smoother. But it raises the risk that underlings will tell Mr Xi only what they think he wants to hear, and increase the chances of bad policymaking. 

It also makes the question of the succession moot. By precedent, the general secretary should serve two five-year terms. Mr Xi¡Çs run out in 2022. Under the rules that used to govern Chinese politics, he would be expected to signal his choice of successor at a meeting of the Central Committee that is due to be held on October 25th. 

moot¡§µÄÏÀ¤Î;ÃϤΤ¢¤ë, ̤·èÄê¤Î.

The candidate would normally be in the new Politburo Standing Committee, or inner sanctum of politics, that will be unveiled after the brief gathering. Rumours are rife that Wang Qishan, the chief graft-buster and close ally of Mr Xi, has been dropped from the Central Committee, and therefore will not be included in the new line-up. There had been speculation that Mr Xi might keep him in place, even though he has passed the normal retirement age of 68. 

sanctum ¡§the inner sanctum ±ü¤Î¸Ä¼¼.
rife¡§¹­¤Þ¤Ã¤Æ

It is not clear how much it matters now who is chosen to succeed Mr Xi, or whether he has anyone in mind. With his name in the constitution, he must be the ultimate arbiter of authority as long as he is alive, since he—along with Marx, Lenin, Mao and Deng—defines what it is to be a good Chinese Communist. 

arbiter¡§ºÛ·è[·èÄê]¼Ô; (¤¢¤ëʬÌî¤Î)¸¢°Ò(¼Ô).

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swingby_blog at 08:58¨¢¥³¥á¥ó¥È(0) 

2017ǯ11·î25Æü

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Africans are getting healthier and wealthier...
...but they are still held back by war and violence
Nov 20th 2017 | LAGOS

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IN MANY ways the story of Africa in the 21st century is one of success. Great strides have been made tackling diseases such as HIV/AIDS and malaria. A baby born in Africa today is less likely to die young, and more likely to go to school than one born in 2000. Life expectancy at birth increased by nearly ten years, to 60, between 2000 and 2015. But many Africans also feel less secure than they did a decade ago. Civil wars and social unrest have proliferated, according to an index of how Africa¡Çs leaders are performing.



The Ibrahim Index of Governance, produced by the foundation of Mo Ibrahim, a Sudanese-British telecoms-billionaire-turned-philanthropist, has been trying to quantify how well countries are run since 2007. It is an ambitious effort involving 100 indicators of such things as political participation, respect for human rights and sound economic management. The latest data, released on November 20th, show a worrying divergence. Of the 26 indicators related to health, welfare and education, 21 have improved over the past decade. But 18 out of the 26 measures of safety, stability and the rule of law have deteriorated.

philanthropist¡§Çî°¦¼çµÁ¼Ô, Çî°¦²È; »üÁ±²È.

Civil wars in several countries, such as Libya, South Sudan and the Central African Republic, drag down the numbers. At the other end of the spectrum, improvements in health, education and social services were led by Rwanda, Ethiopia and Togo. In 28 countries development indicators improved, while security indicators deteriorated.

Overall, instability on the continent has increased. But optimists will note that the trend has slowed in the past five years. Meanwhile, most of Africa¡Çs children are healthier and better educated than ever. That is undoubtedly cause for cheer.

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Nov 16, 2017 | 17:19 GMT¡¡stratfor
In Lebanon, Saudi Arabia Attempts the Impossible

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Saudi Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman(FAYEZ NURELDINE/AFP/Getty Images)

Highlights
In the regional competition between Saudi Arabia and Iran, Lebanon is the most recent proxy battleground. Iran's political and security connections in Lebanon mean Saudi Arabia will have a hard time countering its influence there. Saudi Arabia can wield some financial tools to try to pressure Lebanon, but Iran has the means to cushion some of the impact.

mean¡§¤ò¤µ¤·¤Æ¸À¤¦  I mean you. Stand up! ·¯¤Î¤³¤È¤ò¸À¤Ã¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤ó¤À, Ω¤Á¤Ê¤µ¤¤.¡§

Saudi Arabia has recently undertaken the mammoth task of rewriting its domestic economic rulebook, but the country's external ambitions are equally as bold. The government in Riyadh has long seen itself as a representative of broader Sunni and Arab interests in the Middle East. Lately, Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman has amped up attempts to challenge Iran's regional influence, hoping to reassert control over areas that he views as Saudi Arabia's rightful domain.

amped¡§¶½Ê³¤·¤Æ, ¤ï¤¯¤ï¤¯¤·¤Æ; Íî¤ÁÃ夫¤Ê¤¤.

This strategy has manifested on proxy battlegrounds in Iraq, Syria, Yemen and, most recently, in Lebanon. But despite Saudi Arabia's efforts, the kingdom lacks the political and security inroads of its competitor, and it is far more likely to fall flat in Lebanon than it is to successfully curb Iran's influence.

inroads¡§¿Ê½Ð, »²Æþ, ¿©¤¤¹þ¤ß.
fall flat¡§´°Á´¤Ë¼ºÇÔ¤¹¤ë

Riyadh has long been concerned about Tehran's links with Lebanese Shiite political party and militant group Hezbollah, which it sees as a tool for Iran to exert power throughout the region. As early as 1990, Saudi Arabia was exploring ways to limit Hezbollah's (and in turn, Iran's) influence in Lebanon, and that concern was subtle but ever-present when Saudi Arabia mediated the Taif agreement that ended the Lebanese civil war.

subtle¡§Èù̯¤Ê in a very subtle way Èó¾ï¤Ë¹ªÌ¯¤Ê¤ä¤êÊý¤Ç
ever present with ¡§¤ËÉÕ¤­¤Þ¤È¤Ã¤ÆÎ¥¤ì¤Ê¤¤
mediated¡§(Åö»ö¼Ô¤ÈÏäò¤·¤Æ)¡Ò¹ç°ÕŽ¥²ò·èºö¤Ê¤É¡Ó¤òÀ®Î©¤µ¤»¤ë, ÆÀ¤ë.
Taif agreement¡§(also "National Reconciliation Accord," or "Document of National Accord") was an agreement reached to provide "the basis for the ending of the civil war and the return to political normalcy in Lebanon." Negotiated in Taif, Saudi Arabia, it was designed to end the decades-long Lebanese civil war, politically accommodate the demographic shift to a Muslim majority, reassert Lebanese authority in South Lebanon (then occupied by Israel), though the agreement set a time frame for Syrian withdrawal and stipulated (µ¬Äꤹ¤ë) that the Syrians withdraw in two years. It was signed on October 22, 1989 and ratified on November 4, 1989.
Taif¡§¥¿¡¼¥¤¥Õ¡¢¥µ¥¦¥¸¥¢¥é¥Ó¥¢À¾Éô¡¢¥Þ¥Ã¥«½£¤ÎÅÔ»Ô¡£

More recently, Saudi Arabia has become uneasy about Iran's increasing role in the Syrian conflict — too close to Lebanon for Riyadh's comfort — and especially Hezbollah's potential to serve as Iran's proxy in Yemen, training and supporting Houthi rebels. A Houthi missile strike over Riyadh on Nov. 5 seemed to suggest to Saudi Arabia that Hezbollah was aiding its enemies in Yemen. And since Riyadh lacks ground troops in Yemen, limiting its ability to respond directly at the launch site, the kingdom has addressed the threat with blockade measures and airstrikes — as well as by putting heavy pressure on Lebanon.

The Pitfalls of Political Meddling
In a televised statement from Riyadh in early November, Lebanese Prime Minister Saad al-Hariri unexpectedly announced his resignation, suggesting that the kingdom is attempting to orchestrate a transition to a Lebanese government that it can better control. After all, when al-Hariri regained his position as prime minister in December 2016, he espoused a desire to compromise with Hezbollah allies.

pitfall¡¨±£¤ì¤¿[µ¤¤Å¤«¤Ê¤¤]´í¸±, ¤ï¤Ê; ͶÏÇ.
meddle in the internal affairs of another country¡§¤Û¤«¤Î¹ñ¤ÎÆâÀ¯¤Ë´³¾Ä¤¹¤ë.
espoused¡§»Ù»ý¤¹¤ë

Given that many Lebanese citizens simply want a functioning government, there was widespread support for this stance, which Saudi Arabia is eager to limit. Saudi Arabia seems to be controlling al-Hariri's movements as it searches for a replacement for the post it finds suitable; many believe Saad's brother Bahaa, whom Riyadh believes to be more pliant and willing to take the harder line against Hezbollah that Saudi Arabia craves, is the current top choice.

pliant¡§pliable ½¾½ç¤Ê
craves¡§crave success [attention] À®¸ù¤·[ÃíÌܤµ¤ì]¤¿¤¯¤Æ¤¿¤Þ¤é¤Ê¤¤.

But it's uncertain whether Bahaa would be able to pursue any actual policy changes, or even whether the fractured Sunni and Christian communities within Lebanon would accept him. Politically, Hezbollah is deeply entrenched in Lebanon, while the Saudi-backed March 14 Alliance has grown more and more anemic over time.

entrenched¡§an entrenched attitude [tradition] ³Î¸Ç¤¿¤ëÂÖÅÙ[³ÎΩ¤µ¤ì¤¿ÅÁÅý].
anemic¡§¼å¡¹¤·¤¤

The coalition has been divided by disagreements among its Sunni, Druze and Christian member parties, and it was further weakened when the Progressive Socialist Party left in 2011 and the National Liberal Party followed in 2016. Hezbollah, meanwhile, does not rely just on its own party in parliament, the Loyalty to the Resistance bloc. It also maintains a wide range of allies including the Free Patriotic Movement, the Amal Movement and the Marada Movement.

This strategy will ultimately harm Riyadh's own allies in the country, hampering their ability to make political or economic progress ...
With its involvement in Lebanese politics, Saudi Arabia seems to be throwing a wrench into the system in an attempt to halt any progress that might be helpful to Hezbollah and its allies. But it is not actually proposing an alternative. This strategy will ultimately harm Riyadh's own allies in the country, hampering their ability to make political or economic progress on issues such as oil and gas contracts and much-needed labor market, tax and subsidy reforms.

wrench¡§throw a (monkey) wrench into¡§¤ò(¤ï¤¶¤È)¤¸¤ã¤Þ¤¹¤ë, Âæ¤Ê¤·¤Ë¤¹¤ë.

A Lack of Proxy Power
Saudi Arabia will also struggle to marshal resistance to Hezbollah as it lacks allied rebel groups — essentially proxy fighters — on the ground to challenge the organization. With Iran's financial and military support, the group has a sizeable militia network in Lebanon boasting transnational capabilities. And Saudi Arabia, for its part, has a poor track record of challenging Iranian-backed militia forces, including in Lebanon. A 2008 conflict within Lebanon that emerged in the aftermath of the 2005 Cedar Revolution pitted Saudi-supported Future Movement fighters against Hezbollah and allied militiamen.

marshal¡§marshal public support for the war effort ÀïÁè¤ËÂФ¹¤ë¹ṉ̃¤Î»Ù»ý¤ò½¸¤á¤ë
pitted¡§pit reason against instinct ÍýÀ­¤ÈËÜǽ¤ò¶¥¤ï¤»¤ë.
Cedar Revolution¡§ ¿ù¤Î³×Ì¿ ¥ì¥Ð¥Î¥ó¡ÊÆäˡ¢¥Ù¥¤¥ë¡¼¥È¡Ë¤òÃæ¿´¤Ë¡¢2005ǯ2·î14Æü¤Î¥é¥Õ¥£¡¼¥¯¡¦¥Ï¥ê¡¼¥ê¡¼Á°¼óÁê°Å»¦¤Ë¤è¤Ã¤ÆȯÀ¸¤·¤¿°ìÏ¢¤Î¥Ç¥â³èÆ°¡¢»Ô̱³èÆ°¤Î¤³¤È¤È¤·¤Æ»È¤ï¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡£

The Future Movement ended up ceding territory to the victorious Hezbollah militiamen in a number of strategically significant Beirut neighborhoods. And since 2008, Hezbollah has only become more of an entrenched security presence within Lebanon. Hezbollah fighters have played prominent roles within Syria over the last several years, deepening their military capability to challenge potential Saudi proxies, while Saudi Arabia lacks the allies it needs to pose a serious threat.

ceding¡§¡Ò¸¢ÍøŽ¥ÎÎÅڤʤɡӤò¾ùÅÏ[³ä¾ù]¤¹¤ë
pose¡§pose no threat to humans ¿Í´Ö¤Ë²¿¤Î¶¼°Ò¤âÍ¿¤¨¤Ê¤¤.

When Money Isn't Enough
Saudi Arabia may find some success pressuring Hezbollah in the economic realm, where it has leverage in Lebanon. An estimated 200,000 to 500,000 Lebanese work in the kingdom, providing remittances estimated at more than $8 billion that supply hard cash to Lebanon's banking sector. If Riyadh chooses to limit those remittances, it could deliver a major blow to the Lebanese economy. Similarly, Saudi Arabia has the ability to damage Lebanon's crucial tourism industry, which relies heavily on wealthy Arab visitors from Gulf Cooperation Council states.

Already, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, the United Arab Emirates and Kuwait have issued warnings to their citizens not to travel to Lebanon. Still, even this effort would only be somewhat effective. Lebanon, whose 25-year civil war ended in 1990, already has weathered worse financial damage than any that Saudi Arabia could inflict. Furthermore, the war left the Lebanese weary of another round of civil conflict, especially one driven by outside actors. Finally, Iran is well-equipped to continue financially supporting its Lebanese allies, mitigating the effectiveness of the kingdom's actions.

inflict¡§the damage inflicted by toxic chemicals Í­³²¤Ê²½³Øʪ¼Á¤¬¤â¤¿¤é¤·¤¿Â»³².
weary¡§I was becoming weary of the monotonous life. »ä¤ÏñĴ¤ÊÀ¸³è¤Ë¤¦¤ó¤¶¤ê¤·»Ï¤á¤Æ¤¤¤¿.

After stumbling through unrealistic, deeply challenging foreign policy forays in Qatar and Yemen, Saudi Arabia does not seem poised to succeed in strategically influencing Lebanon — no matter how much ambition it may have. And as it attempts to stir up fresh dissent against Hezbollah, Riyadh will struggle to introduce meaningful change rather than just chaos.

stumbling¡§stumble into the bathroom ¤è¤í¤è¤í¤È¥È¥¤¥ì¤ËÆþ¤ë.
forays¡§¿¯Î¬  make a first foray into the U.S. market ¥¢¥á¥ê¥«»Ô¾ì¤Ø¤ÎºÇ½é¤Î¿Ê½Ð¤ò¤¹¤ë.
poised¡§ ÍÑ°Õ[³Ð¸ç]¤¬¤Ç¤­¤Æ¤¤¤ë ; º£¤Ë¤âÆ°¤­½Ð¤¹»ÑÀª¤Ç¤¤¤ë.
stir¡§stir emotions [interest] ´¶¾ð[¶½Ì£]¤ò¤«¤­Î©¤Æ¤ë.

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