2016年06月12日

ヨーロッパ、アメリカそして宗教の象徴 なぜアメリカはヨーロッパよりイスラム人に友好的な労働環境を提供できるのか。

Europe, America and religious symbols
Why America may provide more Muslim-friendly work-places than Europe
Jun 3rd 2016, 13:35 BY ERASMUS

ヨーロッパ、アメリカそして宗教の象徴
なぜアメリカはヨーロッパよりイスラム人に友好的な労働環境を提供できるのか。

ACCORDING to one American stereotype, Europe is doomed to fail because it has made too many cultural concessions to Islam and too many ideological concessions to anti-business, enterprise-sapping socialism. But an important legal ruling issued this week would suggest a very different transatlantic comparison. 

stereotype:固定観念・通念
doomed to fail:失敗する運命にあった
concession:譲歩・許容・配慮
sapping:徐々に奪う





A pronouncement by the advocate-general of the European Court of Justice (ECJ) came to the firm conclusion that private companies were entitled to bar employees from wearing the Muslim headscarf, as long as it was part of a general and consistently applied policy of banning all conspicuous displays of religious or ideological affiliation. It upheld the right of an employer to impose a dress code, as part of the broader principle that a firm should enjoy some leeway in the pursuit of its commercial aims. This principle could mean requiring workers to appear and behave in a certain way: not only on the obvious grounds of hygiene or safety, but simply as part of company strategy. 

pronouncement :声明
advocate-general:EU法務官 欧州裁ECJにおいて,裁判官と同等に書面・口頭手続に参加し,ECJの判断に先立ち裁判官とは独立して係争事件のEU法問題に関する判断/勧告を行う.このadvocate-generalの意見はECJを拘束せずその参考に供せられる.欧州理事会によって任命される.'94年現在6名
European Court of Justice:欧州司法裁判所
entitled:する権利を与える
bar:禁止する
conspicuous:顕著な
affiliation:所属
upheld:擁護する
leeway:自由裁量の余地
behave:行動する
hygiene:衛生

The Euro-pronouncement seems almost diametrically opposed to a ruling issued by the American Supreme Court exactly a year ago. In a decision which Judge Antonin Scalia described as “really easy” the Court found that the clothing store Abercrombie and Fitch had been at fault in denying a job to a headscarved woman, even though she had not spelled out the fact that covering her head was part of her Muslim belief. The headscarf was considered out of step with a “look” that the store was projecting at the time, although it has since changed its policy. In the background of that decision was the well-established American legal principle that employers must provide "reasonable accommodation" of their workers' religious needs, provided that this does not cause intolerable hardship to the operation of a firm or organisation.  

diametrically opposed to:正反対の
be at fault in:落ち度がある
out of step with:社会と調和していない
accommodation:便宜

The European statement wasn’t a judicial verdict but it was a very significant piece of legal guidance, running to more than 30 pages and issued in response to a request from a Belgian court for advice over a woman who was fired from a security firm after insisting on wearing a headscarf to work. The governments of Britain, France and Belgium as well as the European Commission had all sent the ECJ opinions on the case. France, mindful of its own secular principles and its ban on headscarves and other conspicuous symbols in schools, had stressed that EU treaties allow countries to maintain their “national identities” and distinctive approaches to religion. 

judicial verdict:裁判官の判決
distinctive:際立った
sent the ECJ opinions on the case:欧州司法裁判所の意見に送検する
mindful of:に気を配る

The advocate-general’s conclusion was a considered reaction to all that advice. “The employer must be allowed a degree of discretion in the pursuit of its business, the basis for which lies ultimately in the fundamental right of freedom to conduct a business,” in the view of Juliane Kokott, the ECJ official who in an earlier life was a distinguished German legal scholar, who as it happens has extensive experience of American academia.  

discretion:自由裁量
as it happens:たまたま

She conceded the relevance of a landmark ruling by another tribunal, the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR), which vindicated an Egyptian-born woman who insisted on wearing a small cross along her British Airways uniform. But in Ms Kokott's opinion, it was significant that British Airways had been inconsistent in its “no-religious-symbols” policy, and also that the symbol in question was a discreet one. In a remarkably blunt piece of language, she also stressed that religion was different from other legally-protected characteristics (race, gender, sexual orientation) because it was a matter of choice. 

conceded:認める
relevance of a landmark:画期的な出来事の妥当性
European Court of Human Rights :欧州人権裁判所
vindicated:正当性を主張する
inconsistent :一貫性がない
discreet:慎重な・目立たない
remarkably :著しく
blunt:思ったままのことを口にする
stressed:強調する

月曜日。今日はこれまで。欧州裁判所はイスラム教徒のスカーフを雇用主が禁止することができるという声明を出した。一方で、欧州人権裁判所にイギリス航空の添乗員が小さな十字架を身につけることの正当性を主張した。しかし、イギリス航空の企業の宗教色を持たないという政策に違反したこうした主張は法的に守られなければならないものではないという意見をここでは述べている。日本ではこうした問題はほとんど起こらないが、欧州では大きな問題だ。

昨日は海野塾と懇親会があったが、先週の過労が残っていて辛かった。今日はいちにちベトナムの資料をレビューできる。老子の本も少しは読もう。ではまた明日。

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海野 恵一
1948年1月14日生

学歴:東京大学経済学部卒業

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アクセンチュア株式会社代表取締役(2001-2002)
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