The rapid commercialisation of the English economy had profound effects on workers. Slaves, a significant minority of the population before the invasion, were freed: in Essex, their number fell by a quarter in 1066-86. Lanfranc of Pavia, William’s appointee as archbishop of Canterbury, opposed the export of slaves, finds Mr Thomas; Christian thinkers tended to have “mild qualms” about slavery. By the 12th century, it had almost completely ended. 

commercialisation：商業化
qualms：一抹の不安

１１世紀までイギリスに白人の奴隷がいたことは知らなかった。

Labour became more specialised, and more people became self-employed or worked for wages. The share of the population living in towns rose from 10% in 1086 to 15-20% by the turn of the 14th century (London’s population soared). Over 100 new towns were founded in 1100-1300; the population of England jumped from 2.25m to 6m. 

１２世紀から１４世紀の間に、労働が専門化し、自営業とか給与をもらう労働者が増加したとあリ、イギルスの人口も３倍になリ、６００万人となった。

Though the country as a whole fared well, not every part of it did. The conquest was longer-lasting and more brutal in the north. People in places like Northumbria and York did not consider themselves English, let alone French (their allegiances were more with the Scots and Scandinavians). So they launched a series of rebellions shortly after the Normans took power. 

fared well：首尾よくやる
allegiances：忠誠心

William showed no mercy in crushing them. His campaigns came to be known as the “harrying of the north”. According to Orderic Vitalis, another chronicler, on his deathbed William recalled what he had done. “In mad fury I descended on the English of the north like a raging lion...Herds of sheep and cattle [were] slaughtered [and] I chastised a great multitude of men and women with the lash of starvation.” 

harrying：繰り返してし執拗に攻撃する
mad fury：憤慨して
descended：感情を襲う
rage：激怒
chastised：を激しく非難する
multitude：非常に多くの
lash：ムチ

According to Domesday Book, in 1066 estates in southern England were somewhat richer than northern ones. But with Brentry, the gap jumped: by 1086 southern estates were four times as wealthy. The scale of the destruction was astonishing. A third of manors in northern counties were marked as “waste”. In Yorkshire, the county hardest hit, 60% of manors were considered to be at least “partially waste”, while total wealth fell by 68%. 

destruction：破壊行為
waste：荒廃させる

The population of York, the city at the centre of the harrying, probably halved. In 1086, no part of the country north of present-day Birmingham had an income per household higher than the national average. The country grew more unequal: the Gini coefficient of English manors rose from 64 before the invasion to 71 after (a Gini coefficient of 100 would mark perfect inequality). In terms of average estate wealth, the richest county was seven times richer than the poorest in 1066, but 18 times richer in 1086. 

halved：半減する
present-day：この頃の

この当時、地域によって所得格差が１８倍もあったということは信じがたい。

The north may always have been destined for relative poverty: it has poorer land and a worse climate; it is farther from markets. But economic history shows that long-ago events can leave lasting scars. William’s depradations could well explain, in part, the northern poverty that gives modern Britain Europe’s highest regional inequality. And, almost a millennium later, descendants of the conquerors still enjoy disproportionate privilege; Gregory Clark, an economist at the University of California, Davis, finds that students with Norman surnames from Domesday are still over-represented at the universities of Oxford and Cambridge. So it may not be surprising that the regions which suffered worst in the conquest were more likely to have voted to throw off the modern Norman yoke in the Brexit referendum. But expect no economic good to come from it. 

scars：傷
depradations?：depredations　破壊
disproportionate：不釣り合いな
yoke：くびき・支配

Williamsがイギリスを支配して、奴隷制度をやめ、経済は活性化した。しかし、スコットランドは彼に抵抗したため、彼はそコットランドを破壊した。そのため、その後の経済格差は甚だしいものがあった。未だにイギリスの北部が貧しく、経済が停滞しているのはこの歴史のせいだ。そして、Brexitを支持するのもそのためだ。

イギリスの歴史をこうして見てくると、色々知らないことがわかった。イギリスの奴隷制度がその当時あったということはそれ以前はその白人の奴隷を売買していたということだ。スコットランドがイングランドと比較して貧しいことと独立志向が高いこともわかった。２０倍近くもの所得格差があったということだ。

金曜日。昨日は来年の研修の予定を立てた。来年５月に予定している中国での「１日MBA」のプログラムを検討した。あとは来年出版の本の修正。今日は朝から研修資料のChina Disparityのレビュー。午後からは提案した研修資料の作成。明日は海野塾がある。ではまた明日。